Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort
We aimed to investigate whether retinal and retinoic acid (RA), which are newly discovered biomarkers from our previous research, reliably predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Among the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS)-II cohort, s...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/8/510 |
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| author | Youngmin Han Yeunsoo Yang Minjoo Kim Sun Ha Jee Hye Jin Yoo Jong Ho Lee |
| author_facet | Youngmin Han Yeunsoo Yang Minjoo Kim Sun Ha Jee Hye Jin Yoo Jong Ho Lee |
| author_sort | Youngmin Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We aimed to investigate whether retinal and retinoic acid (RA), which are newly discovered biomarkers from our previous research, reliably predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Among the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS)-II cohort, subjects were selected and matched by age and sex (IFG-IFG group, <i>n</i> = 100 vs. IFG-DM group, <i>n</i> = 100) for study 1. For real-world validation of two biomarkers (study 2), other participants in the KCPS-II cohort who had IFG at baseline (<i>n</i> = 500) were selected. Targeted LC/MS was used to analyze the baseline serum samples; retinal and RA levels were quantified. In study 1, we revealed that both biomarkers were significantly decreased in the IFG-DM group (retinal, <i>p</i> = 0.017; RA, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The obese subjects in the IFG-DM group showed markedly lower retinal (<i>p</i> = 0.030) and RA (<i>p</i> = 0.003) levels than those in the IFG-IFG group. In study 2, the results for the two metabolites tended to be similar to those of study 1, but no significant difference was observed. Notably, the predictive ability for T2DM was enhanced when the metabolites were added to conventional risk factors for T2DM in both studies (study 1, AUC 0.682 → 0.775; study 2, AUC 0.734 → 0.786). The results suggest that retinal- and RA-related metabolic pathways are altered before the onset of T2DM. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:35:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-29e38421c6b3491b9600d1a5468e1cac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:35:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-29e38421c6b3491b9600d1a5468e1cac2023-11-22T08:39:21ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892021-08-0111851010.3390/metabo11080510Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II CohortYoungmin Han0Yeunsoo Yang1Minjoo Kim2Sun Ha Jee3Hye Jin Yoo4Jong Ho Lee5National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, KoreaInstitute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, KoreaInstitute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, KoreaResearch Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, KoreaNational Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, KoreaWe aimed to investigate whether retinal and retinoic acid (RA), which are newly discovered biomarkers from our previous research, reliably predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Among the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS)-II cohort, subjects were selected and matched by age and sex (IFG-IFG group, <i>n</i> = 100 vs. IFG-DM group, <i>n</i> = 100) for study 1. For real-world validation of two biomarkers (study 2), other participants in the KCPS-II cohort who had IFG at baseline (<i>n</i> = 500) were selected. Targeted LC/MS was used to analyze the baseline serum samples; retinal and RA levels were quantified. In study 1, we revealed that both biomarkers were significantly decreased in the IFG-DM group (retinal, <i>p</i> = 0.017; RA, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The obese subjects in the IFG-DM group showed markedly lower retinal (<i>p</i> = 0.030) and RA (<i>p</i> = 0.003) levels than those in the IFG-IFG group. In study 2, the results for the two metabolites tended to be similar to those of study 1, but no significant difference was observed. Notably, the predictive ability for T2DM was enhanced when the metabolites were added to conventional risk factors for T2DM in both studies (study 1, AUC 0.682 → 0.775; study 2, AUC 0.734 → 0.786). The results suggest that retinal- and RA-related metabolic pathways are altered before the onset of T2DM.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/8/510type 2 diabetes mellitusretinalretinoic acidbiomarkerdisease predictionliquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Youngmin Han Yeunsoo Yang Minjoo Kim Sun Ha Jee Hye Jin Yoo Jong Ho Lee Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort Metabolites type 2 diabetes mellitus retinal retinoic acid biomarker disease prediction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
| title | Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort |
| title_full | Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort |
| title_fullStr | Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort |
| title_short | Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort |
| title_sort | serum retinal and retinoic acid predict the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in korean subjects with impaired fasting glucose from the kcps ii cohort |
| topic | type 2 diabetes mellitus retinal retinoic acid biomarker disease prediction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/8/510 |
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