Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest
The negative influence of timber harvesting on the forest environment is reflected through damage to the residual trees, regeneration, and forest soil. Considering that skidding, a popular extraction method, can cause substantial and severe damage to the remaining stand, the aim of this research was...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/5/927 |
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| author | Jelena Knežević Jusuf Musić Velid Halilović Admir Avdagić |
| author_facet | Jelena Knežević Jusuf Musić Velid Halilović Admir Avdagić |
| author_sort | Jelena Knežević |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The negative influence of timber harvesting on the forest environment is reflected through damage to the residual trees, regeneration, and forest soil. Considering that skidding, a popular extraction method, can cause substantial and severe damage to the remaining stand, the aim of this research was to determine damage to residual trees during skidding by an LKT 81T cable skidder, including oxen bunching. The research was conducted in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an uneven-aged mixed fir (<i>Abies alba</i> Mill.) and spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> L.) forest with pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) on limestone soils. Tree felling was conducted using a Husqvarna 372 XP chainsaw. Extraction operations caused damage to 6.31% of the residual trees in the stand. The most damage was “removed bark” (65.34%) and occurred on the lower parts of the tree, the butt end (55.11%) and root collar (32.39%). The average size of the damage was 197.08 cm<sup>2</sup>. A statistically significant correlation was found between the damage position and the diameter at the breast height (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and the damage position and damage size (<i>p</i> < 0.01) by Spearman correlation analysis. The conducted analysis by the chi-squared test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the proportion of damage for trees with different distances to the nearest skid road (<i>p</i> = 0.0487), but the share of damaged trees did not decrease by increasing the distance from the skid road. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:43:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-29fa202f8e5c4586bedf6feb6be1b4e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:43:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-29fa202f8e5c4586bedf6feb6be1b4e12023-11-18T01:23:47ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072023-04-0114592710.3390/f14050927Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed ForestJelena Knežević0Jusuf Musić1Velid Halilović2Admir Avdagić3Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaFaculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaFaculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaFaculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe negative influence of timber harvesting on the forest environment is reflected through damage to the residual trees, regeneration, and forest soil. Considering that skidding, a popular extraction method, can cause substantial and severe damage to the remaining stand, the aim of this research was to determine damage to residual trees during skidding by an LKT 81T cable skidder, including oxen bunching. The research was conducted in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an uneven-aged mixed fir (<i>Abies alba</i> Mill.) and spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> L.) forest with pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) on limestone soils. Tree felling was conducted using a Husqvarna 372 XP chainsaw. Extraction operations caused damage to 6.31% of the residual trees in the stand. The most damage was “removed bark” (65.34%) and occurred on the lower parts of the tree, the butt end (55.11%) and root collar (32.39%). The average size of the damage was 197.08 cm<sup>2</sup>. A statistically significant correlation was found between the damage position and the diameter at the breast height (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and the damage position and damage size (<i>p</i> < 0.01) by Spearman correlation analysis. The conducted analysis by the chi-squared test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the proportion of damage for trees with different distances to the nearest skid road (<i>p</i> = 0.0487), but the share of damaged trees did not decrease by increasing the distance from the skid road.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/5/927timber harvestingskidderoxen bunchingdamage |
| spellingShingle | Jelena Knežević Jusuf Musić Velid Halilović Admir Avdagić Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest Forests timber harvesting skidder oxen bunching damage |
| title | Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest |
| title_full | Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest |
| title_fullStr | Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest |
| title_full_unstemmed | Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest |
| title_short | Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest |
| title_sort | damages of skidder and oxen logging to residual trees in uneven aged mixed forest |
| topic | timber harvesting skidder oxen bunching damage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/5/927 |
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