<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica
Panamá, together with all the nations in Mesoamerica, has committed to eliminate malaria from the region by 2020. As these countries approach malaria elimination and local transmission decreases, an active molecular surveillance to identify genotypes circulating along the border areas is particularl...
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/10/12/319 |
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| author | Ana María Santamaría Vanessa Vásquez Chystrie Rigg Dianik Moreno Luis Romero Carlos Justo Luis Fernando Chaves Azael Saldaña José E. Calzada |
| author_facet | Ana María Santamaría Vanessa Vásquez Chystrie Rigg Dianik Moreno Luis Romero Carlos Justo Luis Fernando Chaves Azael Saldaña José E. Calzada |
| author_sort | Ana María Santamaría |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Panamá, together with all the nations in Mesoamerica, has committed to eliminate malaria from the region by 2020. As these countries approach malaria elimination and local transmission decreases, an active molecular surveillance to identify genotypes circulating along the border areas is particularly needed to accurately infer infection origin, drug resistance and disease propagation patterns in the region. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of <i>msp</i>-1, <i>msp</i>-2 and <i>glurp</i> genes using different molecular analyses (nested PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing) from 106 autochthonous and imported <i>P. falciparum</i> isolates collected from different endemic areas in Panamá between 2003 and 2019. We also explored if <i>P. falciparum</i> genotypes assessed with these molecular markers were associated with relevant malaria epidemiological parameters using a multiple correspondence analysis. A strong association of certain local haplotypes with their geographic distribution in endemic areas, but also with parasite load and presence of gametocytes, was evidenced. Few multiclonal infections and low genetic diversity among locally transmitted <i>P. falciparum</i> samples were detected, consequent with the low transmission intensity of this parasite in Panamá, a pattern likely to be extended across Mesoamerica. In addition, several imported cases were genetically dissimilar to local infections and representative of more diverse extra-continental lineages. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:27:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2a40de4265c845a080ad154d1e3069fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:27:57Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-2a40de4265c845a080ad154d1e3069fc2023-11-20T22:46:43ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292020-11-01101231910.3390/life10120319<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in MesoamericaAna María Santamaría0Vanessa Vásquez1Chystrie Rigg2Dianik Moreno3Luis Romero4Carlos Justo5Luis Fernando Chaves6Azael Saldaña7José E. Calzada8Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaDepartamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaDepartamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaLaboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaLaboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaLaboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaInstituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos 4-2250, Cartago 1, Costa RicaDepartamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaDepartamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of PanamaPanamá, together with all the nations in Mesoamerica, has committed to eliminate malaria from the region by 2020. As these countries approach malaria elimination and local transmission decreases, an active molecular surveillance to identify genotypes circulating along the border areas is particularly needed to accurately infer infection origin, drug resistance and disease propagation patterns in the region. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of <i>msp</i>-1, <i>msp</i>-2 and <i>glurp</i> genes using different molecular analyses (nested PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing) from 106 autochthonous and imported <i>P. falciparum</i> isolates collected from different endemic areas in Panamá between 2003 and 2019. We also explored if <i>P. falciparum</i> genotypes assessed with these molecular markers were associated with relevant malaria epidemiological parameters using a multiple correspondence analysis. A strong association of certain local haplotypes with their geographic distribution in endemic areas, but also with parasite load and presence of gametocytes, was evidenced. Few multiclonal infections and low genetic diversity among locally transmitted <i>P. falciparum</i> samples were detected, consequent with the low transmission intensity of this parasite in Panamá, a pattern likely to be extended across Mesoamerica. In addition, several imported cases were genetically dissimilar to local infections and representative of more diverse extra-continental lineages.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/10/12/319<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>genotypemolecular epidemiologyPanamáMesoamerica |
| spellingShingle | Ana María Santamaría Vanessa Vásquez Chystrie Rigg Dianik Moreno Luis Romero Carlos Justo Luis Fernando Chaves Azael Saldaña José E. Calzada <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica Life <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> genotype molecular epidemiology Panamá Mesoamerica |
| title | <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica |
| title_full | <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica |
| title_fullStr | <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica |
| title_short | <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on <i>glurp</i>, <i>msp</i>-1 and <i>msp</i>-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica |
| title_sort | i plasmodium falciparum i genetic diversity in panama based on i glurp i i msp i 1 and i msp i 2 genes implications for malaria elimination in mesoamerica |
| topic | <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> genotype molecular epidemiology Panamá Mesoamerica |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/10/12/319 |
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