Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization
Because vaccine development is a difficult process, this study reviews aspects of phages as vaccine delivery vehicles through a literature search. The results demonstrated that because phages have adjuvant properties and are safe for humans and animals, they are an excellent vaccine tool for protein...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/436 |
| _version_ | 1797617833949003776 |
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| author | Marco Palma |
| author_facet | Marco Palma |
| author_sort | Marco Palma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Because vaccine development is a difficult process, this study reviews aspects of phages as vaccine delivery vehicles through a literature search. The results demonstrated that because phages have adjuvant properties and are safe for humans and animals, they are an excellent vaccine tool for protein and epitope immunization. The phage genome can easily be manipulated to display antigens or create DNA vaccines. Additionally, they are easy to produce on a large scale, which lowers their manufacturing costs. They are stable under various conditions, which can facilitate their transport and storage. However, no medicine regulatory agency has yet authorized phage-based vaccines despite the considerable preclinical data confirming their benefits. The skeptical perspective of phages should be overcome because humans encounter bacteriophages in their environment all the time without suffering adverse effects. The lack of clinical trials, endotoxin contamination, phage composition, and long-term negative effects are some obstacles preventing the development of phage vaccines. However, their prospects should be promising because phages are safe in clinical trials; they have been authorized as a food additive to avoid food contamination and approved for emergency use in phage therapy against difficult-to-treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this encourages the use of phages in vaccines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2a440cb9030a485bb26e73be217fd9ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-2a440cb9030a485bb26e73be217fd9ef2023-11-16T23:44:23ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-02-0111243610.3390/vaccines11020436Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope ImmunizationMarco Palma0Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), 03181 Torrevieja, SpainBecause vaccine development is a difficult process, this study reviews aspects of phages as vaccine delivery vehicles through a literature search. The results demonstrated that because phages have adjuvant properties and are safe for humans and animals, they are an excellent vaccine tool for protein and epitope immunization. The phage genome can easily be manipulated to display antigens or create DNA vaccines. Additionally, they are easy to produce on a large scale, which lowers their manufacturing costs. They are stable under various conditions, which can facilitate their transport and storage. However, no medicine regulatory agency has yet authorized phage-based vaccines despite the considerable preclinical data confirming their benefits. The skeptical perspective of phages should be overcome because humans encounter bacteriophages in their environment all the time without suffering adverse effects. The lack of clinical trials, endotoxin contamination, phage composition, and long-term negative effects are some obstacles preventing the development of phage vaccines. However, their prospects should be promising because phages are safe in clinical trials; they have been authorized as a food additive to avoid food contamination and approved for emergency use in phage therapy against difficult-to-treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this encourages the use of phages in vaccines.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/436phage-based vaccinephage vaccinebacteriophagevaccinevaccinationimmunization |
| spellingShingle | Marco Palma Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization Vaccines phage-based vaccine phage vaccine bacteriophage vaccine vaccination immunization |
| title | Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization |
| title_full | Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization |
| title_fullStr | Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization |
| title_short | Aspects of Phage-Based Vaccines for Protein and Epitope Immunization |
| title_sort | aspects of phage based vaccines for protein and epitope immunization |
| topic | phage-based vaccine phage vaccine bacteriophage vaccine vaccination immunization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/436 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marcopalma aspectsofphagebasedvaccinesforproteinandepitopeimmunization |