Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices
Ridging cultivation and root restriction cultivation are beneficial due to their improvement of the soil permeability in the root zone of grapevine, and they are widely used in southern China, Japan, and other countries. However, with the intensification of global warming, when using ridging or root...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Horticulturae |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/3/245 |
| _version_ | 1797240802766749696 |
|---|---|
| author | Yifan Su Xinfeng Li Zhiyi Cao Zhen Gao Yuanpeng Du |
| author_facet | Yifan Su Xinfeng Li Zhiyi Cao Zhen Gao Yuanpeng Du |
| author_sort | Yifan Su |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ridging cultivation and root restriction cultivation are beneficial due to their improvement of the soil permeability in the root zone of grapevine, and they are widely used in southern China, Japan, and other countries. However, with the intensification of global warming, when using ridging or root restriction cultivation, the soil temperature in the root zone can often reach 30 °C or even more than 35 °C during the summer, which is not conducive to the growth of grapevines. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of high root zone temperatures on the photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of grapevine leaves, root respiration, and degree of lignification of roots and shoots, as well as to provide a theoretical foundation for the management of grapevine production and cultivation. One-year-old potted ‘Kyoho’ was used as the study material. Three root temperature treatments were implemented for 15 days (9:00–16:00): 25 °C (CK), 30 °C (T1), and 35 °C (T2). The results showed that the malondialdehyde and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels in leaves increased, while the chlorophyll content decreased. The oxygen-evolving complex was inactivated, and PSII donor and acceptor sides were blocked, thus reducing the photosynthetic gas exchange capacity at high root zone temperatures. The grapevine root activity and root/shoot ratio decreased. Simultaneously, the lignin content in the roots and shoots increased. In addition, there was a significant increase in the expression of key genes (<i>PAL</i>, <i>C4H</i>, <i>4CL</i>, <i>F5H</i>, <i>COMT</i>, <i>CCR</i>, and <i>CAD</i>) in the root lignin synthesis pathway. Heightened root zone temperatures increased cyanide-resistant respiration in roots and heat release in the PPP pathway to alleviate stress damage. Therefore, it is recommended to use grass, mulching, and other cultivation management methods to maintain root zone temperatures below 30 °C in order to ensure the normal growth of grapevines and promote a high and stable yield. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:13:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2a4e4803401a4975aae6b16001d02ae1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:13:13Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-2a4e4803401a4975aae6b16001d02ae12024-03-27T13:44:20ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-03-0110324510.3390/horticulturae10030245Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture PracticesYifan Su0Xinfeng Li1Zhiyi Cao2Zhen Gao3Yuanpeng Du4State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, ChinaShen Shan Grape Technology Co., Ltd., Weihai 264200, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, ChinaRidging cultivation and root restriction cultivation are beneficial due to their improvement of the soil permeability in the root zone of grapevine, and they are widely used in southern China, Japan, and other countries. However, with the intensification of global warming, when using ridging or root restriction cultivation, the soil temperature in the root zone can often reach 30 °C or even more than 35 °C during the summer, which is not conducive to the growth of grapevines. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of high root zone temperatures on the photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of grapevine leaves, root respiration, and degree of lignification of roots and shoots, as well as to provide a theoretical foundation for the management of grapevine production and cultivation. One-year-old potted ‘Kyoho’ was used as the study material. Three root temperature treatments were implemented for 15 days (9:00–16:00): 25 °C (CK), 30 °C (T1), and 35 °C (T2). The results showed that the malondialdehyde and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels in leaves increased, while the chlorophyll content decreased. The oxygen-evolving complex was inactivated, and PSII donor and acceptor sides were blocked, thus reducing the photosynthetic gas exchange capacity at high root zone temperatures. The grapevine root activity and root/shoot ratio decreased. Simultaneously, the lignin content in the roots and shoots increased. In addition, there was a significant increase in the expression of key genes (<i>PAL</i>, <i>C4H</i>, <i>4CL</i>, <i>F5H</i>, <i>COMT</i>, <i>CCR</i>, and <i>CAD</i>) in the root lignin synthesis pathway. Heightened root zone temperatures increased cyanide-resistant respiration in roots and heat release in the PPP pathway to alleviate stress damage. Therefore, it is recommended to use grass, mulching, and other cultivation management methods to maintain root zone temperatures below 30 °C in order to ensure the normal growth of grapevines and promote a high and stable yield.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/3/245grapevinephotosynthetic fluorescenceroot respirationlignification |
| spellingShingle | Yifan Su Xinfeng Li Zhiyi Cao Zhen Gao Yuanpeng Du Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices Horticulturae grapevine photosynthetic fluorescence root respiration lignification |
| title | Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices |
| title_full | Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices |
| title_short | Effects of Long-Term High Temperatures in the Root Zone on the Physiological Characteristics of Grapevine Leaves and Roots: Implications for Viticulture Practices |
| title_sort | effects of long term high temperatures in the root zone on the physiological characteristics of grapevine leaves and roots implications for viticulture practices |
| topic | grapevine photosynthetic fluorescence root respiration lignification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/3/245 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yifansu effectsoflongtermhightemperaturesintherootzoneonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsofgrapevineleavesandrootsimplicationsforviticulturepractices AT xinfengli effectsoflongtermhightemperaturesintherootzoneonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsofgrapevineleavesandrootsimplicationsforviticulturepractices AT zhiyicao effectsoflongtermhightemperaturesintherootzoneonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsofgrapevineleavesandrootsimplicationsforviticulturepractices AT zhengao effectsoflongtermhightemperaturesintherootzoneonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsofgrapevineleavesandrootsimplicationsforviticulturepractices AT yuanpengdu effectsoflongtermhightemperaturesintherootzoneonthephysiologicalcharacteristicsofgrapevineleavesandrootsimplicationsforviticulturepractices |