Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> nanoparticles (FNP)-wheat-<i>A. flavus</i> interaction outcome is more complicated in the presence of drought. This study sheds light on how the presence of FNP affects food and feed safety from the perspective of mycotoxin...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/236 |
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| author | Tihomir Kovač Tihana Marček Bojan Šarkanj Ivana Borišev Maja Ižaković Katarina Jukić Ante Lončarić Tamara Krska Michael Sulyok Rudolf Krska |
| author_facet | Tihomir Kovač Tihana Marček Bojan Šarkanj Ivana Borišev Maja Ižaković Katarina Jukić Ante Lončarić Tamara Krska Michael Sulyok Rudolf Krska |
| author_sort | Tihomir Kovač |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> nanoparticles (FNP)-wheat-<i>A. flavus</i> interaction outcome is more complicated in the presence of drought. This study sheds light on how the presence of FNP affects food and feed safety from the perspective of mycotoxin contamination. The study aims to determine the influence of FNP at environmentally plausible concentrations on wheat growth under drought stress and on the aggressiveness of <i>A. flavus</i> during wheat germination, as well as the influence of FNP on the secondary metabolite profile during the inappropriate wheat storage. The co-occurrence of drought and FNP inhibited germination and shoot growth, while an application of FNP alone had no negative effect on plant growth. Wheat pre-treated with FNP showed a concentration dependent resistance pattern to <i>A. flavus</i> aggressiveness. Nevertheless, using a LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method, six secondary fungal metabolites: 3-nitropropionic acid (<LOD −775.7336 ± 10.7752 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), aflatoxin B1 (<LOD −6.78 ± 0.43 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>) and B2 (<LOD −0.07 ± 0.00 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), aflatoxicol (<LOD −0.37 ± 0.16 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), kojic acid (<LOD −1337.87 ± 189.04 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), and O-methylsterigmatocystin (<LOD −0.17 ± 0.00 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), were detected. FNP affected secondary metabolism of <i>A. flavus</i> during inappropriate wheat storage and increased the concentration of secondary metabolites in a concentration-dependent pattern (3-nitropropionic acid and kojic acid). In addition, aflatoxicol production was provoked in FNP treated samples. |
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| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:01:34Z |
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| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-2a6457be32184ff088def2978fb723a22023-11-21T11:28:15ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-03-017323610.3390/jof7030236Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>Tihomir Kovač0Tihana Marček1Bojan Šarkanj2Ivana Borišev3Maja Ižaković4Katarina Jukić5Ante Lončarić6Tamara Krska7Michael Sulyok8Rudolf Krska9Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, SerbiaDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaBC Institute for Production and Field Crops, Dugoselska 7, Dugo Selo, 10370 Rugvica, CroatiaDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaFullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> nanoparticles (FNP)-wheat-<i>A. flavus</i> interaction outcome is more complicated in the presence of drought. This study sheds light on how the presence of FNP affects food and feed safety from the perspective of mycotoxin contamination. The study aims to determine the influence of FNP at environmentally plausible concentrations on wheat growth under drought stress and on the aggressiveness of <i>A. flavus</i> during wheat germination, as well as the influence of FNP on the secondary metabolite profile during the inappropriate wheat storage. The co-occurrence of drought and FNP inhibited germination and shoot growth, while an application of FNP alone had no negative effect on plant growth. Wheat pre-treated with FNP showed a concentration dependent resistance pattern to <i>A. flavus</i> aggressiveness. Nevertheless, using a LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method, six secondary fungal metabolites: 3-nitropropionic acid (<LOD −775.7336 ± 10.7752 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), aflatoxin B1 (<LOD −6.78 ± 0.43 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>) and B2 (<LOD −0.07 ± 0.00 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), aflatoxicol (<LOD −0.37 ± 0.16 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), kojic acid (<LOD −1337.87 ± 189.04 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), and O-methylsterigmatocystin (<LOD −0.17 ± 0.00 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>), were detected. FNP affected secondary metabolism of <i>A. flavus</i> during inappropriate wheat storage and increased the concentration of secondary metabolites in a concentration-dependent pattern (3-nitropropionic acid and kojic acid). In addition, aflatoxicol production was provoked in FNP treated samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/236fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> nanoparticlesdroughtwheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)mycotoxins<i>Aspergillus flavus</i> NRRL 3251 |
| spellingShingle | Tihomir Kovač Tihana Marček Bojan Šarkanj Ivana Borišev Maja Ižaković Katarina Jukić Ante Lončarić Tamara Krska Michael Sulyok Rudolf Krska Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Journal of Fungi fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> nanoparticles drought wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) mycotoxins <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> NRRL 3251 |
| title | Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_full | Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_short | Fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) during Growth and Infection with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_sort | fullerol c sub 60 sub oh sub 24 sub nanoparticles and drought impact on wheat i triticum aestivum i l during growth and infection with i aspergillus flavus i |
| topic | fullerol C<sub>60</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub> nanoparticles drought wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) mycotoxins <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> NRRL 3251 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/236 |
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