Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production
Blue mold of apple is caused by several different <i>Penicillium</i> species, among which <i>P. expansum</i> and <i>P. solitum</i> are the most frequently isolated. <i>P. expansum</i> is the most aggressive species, and <i>P. solitum</i> is...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| author | Guohua Yin Hui Zhao Kayla K. Pennerman Wayne M. Jurick Maojie Fu Lijing Bu Anping Guo Joan W. Bennett |
| author_facet | Guohua Yin Hui Zhao Kayla K. Pennerman Wayne M. Jurick Maojie Fu Lijing Bu Anping Guo Joan W. Bennett |
| author_sort | Guohua Yin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Blue mold of apple is caused by several different <i>Penicillium</i> species, among which <i>P. expansum</i> and <i>P. solitum</i> are the most frequently isolated. <i>P. expansum</i> is the most aggressive species, and <i>P. solitum</i> is very weak when infecting apple fruit during storage. In this study, we report complete genomic analyses of three different <i>Penicillium</i> species: <i>P. expansum</i> R21 and <i>P. crustosum</i> NJ1, isolated from stored apple fruit; and <i>P</i>. <i>maximae</i> 113, isolated in 2013 from a flooded home in New Jersey, USA, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Patulin and citrinin gene cluster analyses explained the lack of patulin production in NJ1 compared to R21 and lack of citrinin production in all three strains. A <i>Drosophila</i> bioassay demonstrated that volatiles emitted by <i>P</i>. <i>solitum</i> SA and <i>P</i>. <i>polonicum</i> RS1 were more toxic than those from <i>P</i>. <i>expansum</i> and <i>P. crustosum</i> strains (R27, R11, R21, G10, and R19). The toxicity was hypothesized to be related to production of eight-carbon oxylipins. Putative lipoxygenase genes were identified in <i>P</i>. <i>expansum</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>maximae</i> strains, but not in <i>P</i>. <i>crustosum</i>. Our data will provide a better understanding of <i>Penicillium</i> spp. complex secondary metabolic capabilities, especially concerning the genetic bases of mycotoxins and toxic VOCs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:31:40Z |
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| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:31:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2a89ac742fa94baf8999dd1d654a52732023-11-22T13:48:16ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-09-017974310.3390/jof7090743Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin ProductionGuohua Yin0Hui Zhao1Kayla K. Pennerman2Wayne M. Jurick3Maojie Fu4Lijing Bu5Anping Guo6Joan W. Bennett7Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, ChinaHainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, ChinaToxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Athens, GA 30605, USAFood Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USAHainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, ChinaCenter for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USAHainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, ChinaDepartment of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USABlue mold of apple is caused by several different <i>Penicillium</i> species, among which <i>P. expansum</i> and <i>P. solitum</i> are the most frequently isolated. <i>P. expansum</i> is the most aggressive species, and <i>P. solitum</i> is very weak when infecting apple fruit during storage. In this study, we report complete genomic analyses of three different <i>Penicillium</i> species: <i>P. expansum</i> R21 and <i>P. crustosum</i> NJ1, isolated from stored apple fruit; and <i>P</i>. <i>maximae</i> 113, isolated in 2013 from a flooded home in New Jersey, USA, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Patulin and citrinin gene cluster analyses explained the lack of patulin production in NJ1 compared to R21 and lack of citrinin production in all three strains. A <i>Drosophila</i> bioassay demonstrated that volatiles emitted by <i>P</i>. <i>solitum</i> SA and <i>P</i>. <i>polonicum</i> RS1 were more toxic than those from <i>P</i>. <i>expansum</i> and <i>P. crustosum</i> strains (R27, R11, R21, G10, and R19). The toxicity was hypothesized to be related to production of eight-carbon oxylipins. Putative lipoxygenase genes were identified in <i>P</i>. <i>expansum</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>maximae</i> strains, but not in <i>P</i>. <i>crustosum</i>. Our data will provide a better understanding of <i>Penicillium</i> spp. complex secondary metabolic capabilities, especially concerning the genetic bases of mycotoxins and toxic VOCs.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/9/743<i>Penicillium expansum</i><i>Penicillium crustosum</i><i>Penicillium maximae</i>genomic analyseslipoxygenasemycotoxin |
| spellingShingle | Guohua Yin Hui Zhao Kayla K. Pennerman Wayne M. Jurick Maojie Fu Lijing Bu Anping Guo Joan W. Bennett Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production Journal of Fungi <i>Penicillium expansum</i> <i>Penicillium crustosum</i> <i>Penicillium maximae</i> genomic analyses lipoxygenase mycotoxin |
| title | Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production |
| title_full | Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production |
| title_fullStr | Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production |
| title_short | Genomic Analyses of <i>Penicillium</i> Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production |
| title_sort | genomic analyses of i penicillium i species have revealed patulin and citrinin gene clusters and novel loci involved in oxylipin production |
| topic | <i>Penicillium expansum</i> <i>Penicillium crustosum</i> <i>Penicillium maximae</i> genomic analyses lipoxygenase mycotoxin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/9/743 |
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