Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Bulb fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) has gained importance for its high-value bulb production. A field experiment was conducted in a farm in El-Santa, Gharbia, Egypt, to enhance productivity and quality attributes of F. vulgare bulbs using different fertilizers: biofertilizer, organic fertilizer (...
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Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Ecological Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.jeeng.net/Effect-of-Organic-Manure-and-Plant-Growth-Promoting-Microbes-on-Yield-Quality-and,147252,0,2.html |
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| author | Ramy S. Nada Ashmawi E. Ashmawi Emad Mady Timothy O. Randhir Ahmed A. Elateeq |
| author_facet | Ramy S. Nada Ashmawi E. Ashmawi Emad Mady Timothy O. Randhir Ahmed A. Elateeq |
| author_sort | Ramy S. Nada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bulb fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) has gained importance for its high-value bulb production. A field experiment was conducted in a farm in El-Santa, Gharbia, Egypt, to enhance productivity and quality attributes of F. vulgare bulbs using different fertilizers: biofertilizer, organic fertilizer (rabbit manure), and mineral fertilizer [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)]. The biofertilizers included nitrogen fixer bacteria (Azos), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bm), and potassium solubilizing bacteria (Bc) with/without vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Application of NPK at 150% of the RD and rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed resulted in the highest values of branch number, bulb weight, bulb yield, percentages of total carbohydrates, N, P, and K, as well as features of marketable bulbs including firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and bulb essential oil. Moreover, the GC/MS analyses of bulb essential oil of the organically and chemically fertilized plants showed the increase of trans-anethole, the predominant constituent responsible for bulb's flavor. However, the highest proportion of estragole (9.65%), an undesirable compound, was recorded with 150% of recommended NPK. In comparison, the lowest estragole content (4.09% and 5.64%) was obtained by organic fertilizer (rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed) and biofertilizer (Azos+Bm+Bc+VAM), respectively. The increase in bulb yield (11.76-11.99 ton/fed) and essential oil content (0.076-0.080%) of bulbs obtained with organic manure (rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed) was accompanied by a marked decrease in estragole and an increase in the most important constituents, α-pinene, ß-pinene, limonene, trans-anethole, and anisaldehyde. Hence, the organic fennel bulb can be produced with an abundant and high-quality crop which consolidates the concept of ecological and organic farming for this important crop. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T15:31:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2a96ddf7a69e44af9942a2d260fd467e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2299-8993 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T15:31:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE) |
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| series | Journal of Ecological Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-2a96ddf7a69e44af9942a2d260fd467e2022-12-22T02:41:22ZengPolish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)Journal of Ecological Engineering2299-89932022-05-0123514916410.12911/22998993/147252147252Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)Ramy S. Nada0Ashmawi E. Ashmawi1Emad Mady2Timothy O. Randhir3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-9716Ahmed A. Elateeq4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9417-2684Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11652, EgyptHorticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11652, EgyptHorticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11652, EgyptDepartment of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USAHorticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11652, EgyptBulb fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) has gained importance for its high-value bulb production. A field experiment was conducted in a farm in El-Santa, Gharbia, Egypt, to enhance productivity and quality attributes of F. vulgare bulbs using different fertilizers: biofertilizer, organic fertilizer (rabbit manure), and mineral fertilizer [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)]. The biofertilizers included nitrogen fixer bacteria (Azos), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bm), and potassium solubilizing bacteria (Bc) with/without vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Application of NPK at 150% of the RD and rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed resulted in the highest values of branch number, bulb weight, bulb yield, percentages of total carbohydrates, N, P, and K, as well as features of marketable bulbs including firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and bulb essential oil. Moreover, the GC/MS analyses of bulb essential oil of the organically and chemically fertilized plants showed the increase of trans-anethole, the predominant constituent responsible for bulb's flavor. However, the highest proportion of estragole (9.65%), an undesirable compound, was recorded with 150% of recommended NPK. In comparison, the lowest estragole content (4.09% and 5.64%) was obtained by organic fertilizer (rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed) and biofertilizer (Azos+Bm+Bc+VAM), respectively. The increase in bulb yield (11.76-11.99 ton/fed) and essential oil content (0.076-0.080%) of bulbs obtained with organic manure (rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed) was accompanied by a marked decrease in estragole and an increase in the most important constituents, α-pinene, ß-pinene, limonene, trans-anethole, and anisaldehyde. Hence, the organic fennel bulb can be produced with an abundant and high-quality crop which consolidates the concept of ecological and organic farming for this important crop.http://www.jeeng.net/Effect-of-Organic-Manure-and-Plant-Growth-Promoting-Microbes-on-Yield-Quality-and,147252,0,2.htmlfoeniculum vulgarefennel bulborganic fertilizerbiofertilizeranetholeestragole |
| spellingShingle | Ramy S. Nada Ashmawi E. Ashmawi Emad Mady Timothy O. Randhir Ahmed A. Elateeq Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Journal of Ecological Engineering foeniculum vulgare fennel bulb organic fertilizer biofertilizer anethole estragole |
| title | Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) |
| title_full | Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) |
| title_short | Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) |
| title_sort | effect of organic manure and plant growth promoting microbes on yield quality and essential oil constituents of fennel bulb foeniculum vulgare mill |
| topic | foeniculum vulgare fennel bulb organic fertilizer biofertilizer anethole estragole |
| url | http://www.jeeng.net/Effect-of-Organic-Manure-and-Plant-Growth-Promoting-Microbes-on-Yield-Quality-and,147252,0,2.html |
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