Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor
The energy crisis and depleting fossil fuel resources have always been the focus of researchers. Fuel consumption of agricultural tractors is not an exception. Researchers have used different methods to predict fuel consumption. With the development of artificial intelligence in the last decade, all...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/12/4/46 |
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| author | Hamid Jalilnezhad Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh Vali Rasooli-Sharabiani Aref Mardani José Luis Hernández-Hernández José Antonio Montero-Valverde Mario Hernández-Hernández |
| author_facet | Hamid Jalilnezhad Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh Vali Rasooli-Sharabiani Aref Mardani José Luis Hernández-Hernández José Antonio Montero-Valverde Mario Hernández-Hernández |
| author_sort | Hamid Jalilnezhad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The energy crisis and depleting fossil fuel resources have always been the focus of researchers. Fuel consumption of agricultural tractors is not an exception. Researchers have used different methods to predict fuel consumption. With the development of artificial intelligence in the last decade, all re-searchers’ attention has been directed towards it. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which was inspired by the data processing patterns in the human brain. The deep learning method has been used in research due to the advantages of high accuracy and generalization. So far, no research has used this method to predict fuel consumption. In this research, field experiments were carried out in sandy clay loam and clay soils to model the temporal fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor using a convolutional neural network (CNN), while having some parameters such as the soil type, soil conditions, tool parameters, and operation pa-rameters. The experiments were conducted within each soil texture in a factorial manner based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. For each soil texture, various moisture levels (8–17% for dry and 18–40% for moist soils), tractor forward speeds (1.2, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.2 km h<sup>−1</sup>), working depths (30 and 50 cm), the number of passes (2 and 6), and tire inflation pressure (20 and 25 psi) were selected, and cone index, dynamic load, and moisture content were measured in each experimental section. The designed networks used to predict the instant fuel consumption were of a CNN type. The results indicated that the network developed based on the Sgdm algorithm outperformed the others, and thus it was selected for modeling purposes. The network was evaluated based on R<sup>2</sup> and MSE criteria. For the temporal fuel consumption, the best results were obtained while using 8-510-510-1 architecture with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9729 and MSE = 0.0049. The 8-100-95-1 architecture also led to the best prediction of the specific fuel consumption with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9737 and MSE of 0.0054. The high prediction accuracy and low error in this research compared to previous studies indicate the superiority of this method in order to predict fuel consumption. It was also observed from the results that the input parameters, which include soil, tool, and operational parameters, are all effective on fuel consumption. Proper management of some parameters, such as working depth, tire inflation pressure, and forward speed, can help to optimize fuel consumption. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:33:46Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:33:46Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2a9bd5e9024b4434bbbfe1b2582f76b52023-11-17T21:13:44ZengMDPI AGResources2079-92762023-03-011244610.3390/resources12040046Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural TractorHamid Jalilnezhad0Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh1Vali Rasooli-Sharabiani2Aref Mardani3José Luis Hernández-Hernández4José Antonio Montero-Valverde5Mario Hernández-Hernández6Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, IranDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, IranDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, IranDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Urmia University, Urmia 571531177, IranNational Technological of México/Chilpancingo Institute of Technology, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, MexicoNational Technology of Mexico/Acapulco Institute of Technology, Acapulco 39905, Guerrero, MexicoNational Technological of México/Chilpancingo Institute of Technology, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, MexicoThe energy crisis and depleting fossil fuel resources have always been the focus of researchers. Fuel consumption of agricultural tractors is not an exception. Researchers have used different methods to predict fuel consumption. With the development of artificial intelligence in the last decade, all re-searchers’ attention has been directed towards it. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which was inspired by the data processing patterns in the human brain. The deep learning method has been used in research due to the advantages of high accuracy and generalization. So far, no research has used this method to predict fuel consumption. In this research, field experiments were carried out in sandy clay loam and clay soils to model the temporal fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor using a convolutional neural network (CNN), while having some parameters such as the soil type, soil conditions, tool parameters, and operation pa-rameters. The experiments were conducted within each soil texture in a factorial manner based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. For each soil texture, various moisture levels (8–17% for dry and 18–40% for moist soils), tractor forward speeds (1.2, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.2 km h<sup>−1</sup>), working depths (30 and 50 cm), the number of passes (2 and 6), and tire inflation pressure (20 and 25 psi) were selected, and cone index, dynamic load, and moisture content were measured in each experimental section. The designed networks used to predict the instant fuel consumption were of a CNN type. The results indicated that the network developed based on the Sgdm algorithm outperformed the others, and thus it was selected for modeling purposes. The network was evaluated based on R<sup>2</sup> and MSE criteria. For the temporal fuel consumption, the best results were obtained while using 8-510-510-1 architecture with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9729 and MSE = 0.0049. The 8-100-95-1 architecture also led to the best prediction of the specific fuel consumption with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9737 and MSE of 0.0054. The high prediction accuracy and low error in this research compared to previous studies indicate the superiority of this method in order to predict fuel consumption. It was also observed from the results that the input parameters, which include soil, tool, and operational parameters, are all effective on fuel consumption. Proper management of some parameters, such as working depth, tire inflation pressure, and forward speed, can help to optimize fuel consumption.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/12/4/46temporal fuel consumptionspecific fuel consumptiondeep learningconvolutional neural network |
| spellingShingle | Hamid Jalilnezhad Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh Vali Rasooli-Sharabiani Aref Mardani José Luis Hernández-Hernández José Antonio Montero-Valverde Mario Hernández-Hernández Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor Resources temporal fuel consumption specific fuel consumption deep learning convolutional neural network |
| title | Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor |
| title_full | Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor |
| title_fullStr | Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor |
| title_short | Use of a Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor |
| title_sort | use of a convolutional neural network for predicting fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor |
| topic | temporal fuel consumption specific fuel consumption deep learning convolutional neural network |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/12/4/46 |
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