The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has become a massive commercial success in recent years due to its high performance, technological advantages, and low environmental impact. The finite softwood raw material supply has motivated researchers to find alternatives. This study presents an investigation of th...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/22/7153 |
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| author | Ahmed Altaher Omer Ahmed József Garab Erika Horváth-Szováti János Kozelka László Bejó |
| author_facet | Ahmed Altaher Omer Ahmed József Garab Erika Horváth-Szováti János Kozelka László Bejó |
| author_sort | Ahmed Altaher Omer Ahmed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has become a massive commercial success in recent years due to its high performance, technological advantages, and low environmental impact. The finite softwood raw material supply has motivated researchers to find alternatives. This study presents an investigation of the viability of some Hungarian hardwood materials, such as CLT materials. Homogeneous beech, poplar, and spruce panels, as well as their combinations, were created using a polyurethane adhesive. The experimental results show the clear potential of Hungarian poplar, which performed much better than spruce. Poplar’s modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) values reached or exceeded those of high-grade commercial softwood CLT. The bending properties of beech and hybrid beech–poplar panels far exceeded the performance of commercial panels, which shows the excellent potential of high-density hardwoods for high-performance CLT production. Beech–spruce hybrid panels seriously underperformed. This was caused by gluing issues, probably due to the large density differences between the two species, as evidenced by the glueline failure exhibited by most of these specimens during testing. The average panel density proved to be the best predictor of mechanical performance, except for beech–spruce hybrid panels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:38:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2aa044d143ee466084793906fec9d198 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:38:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-2aa044d143ee466084793906fec9d1982023-11-24T14:53:36ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-11-011622715310.3390/ma16227153The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species CombinationsAhmed Altaher Omer Ahmed0József Garab1Erika Horváth-Szováti2János Kozelka3László Bejó4Institute of Wood Technology and Technical Sciences, University of Sopron, 9400 Sopron, HungaryInstitute of Wood Technology and Technical Sciences, University of Sopron, 9400 Sopron, HungaryInstitute of Informatics and Mathematics, University of Sopron, 9400 Sopron, HungaryFaculty of Wood Engineering and Creative Industries, University of Sopron, 9400 Sopron, HungaryInstitute of Wood Technology and Technical Sciences, University of Sopron, 9400 Sopron, HungaryCross-laminated timber (CLT) has become a massive commercial success in recent years due to its high performance, technological advantages, and low environmental impact. The finite softwood raw material supply has motivated researchers to find alternatives. This study presents an investigation of the viability of some Hungarian hardwood materials, such as CLT materials. Homogeneous beech, poplar, and spruce panels, as well as their combinations, were created using a polyurethane adhesive. The experimental results show the clear potential of Hungarian poplar, which performed much better than spruce. Poplar’s modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) values reached or exceeded those of high-grade commercial softwood CLT. The bending properties of beech and hybrid beech–poplar panels far exceeded the performance of commercial panels, which shows the excellent potential of high-density hardwoods for high-performance CLT production. Beech–spruce hybrid panels seriously underperformed. This was caused by gluing issues, probably due to the large density differences between the two species, as evidenced by the glueline failure exhibited by most of these specimens during testing. The average panel density proved to be the best predictor of mechanical performance, except for beech–spruce hybrid panels.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/22/7153cross-laminated timberhardwoodbending strengthmodulus of elasticitypolyurethane resin |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed Altaher Omer Ahmed József Garab Erika Horváth-Szováti János Kozelka László Bejó The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations Materials cross-laminated timber hardwood bending strength modulus of elasticity polyurethane resin |
| title | The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations |
| title_full | The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations |
| title_fullStr | The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations |
| title_short | The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations |
| title_sort | bending properties of hybrid cross laminated timber clt using various species combinations |
| topic | cross-laminated timber hardwood bending strength modulus of elasticity polyurethane resin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/22/7153 |
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