Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys
Additively manufactured (AM) materials and hot rolled materials are typically orthotropic, and exhibit anisotropic elastic properties. This paper elucidates the anisotropic elastic properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) of Ti6Al4V alloy in four different conditions: three A...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/2/638 |
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| author | Ofer Tevet David Svetlizky David Harel Zahava Barkay Dolev Geva Noam Eliaz |
| author_facet | Ofer Tevet David Svetlizky David Harel Zahava Barkay Dolev Geva Noam Eliaz |
| author_sort | Ofer Tevet |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Additively manufactured (AM) materials and hot rolled materials are typically orthotropic, and exhibit anisotropic elastic properties. This paper elucidates the anisotropic elastic properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) of Ti6Al4V alloy in four different conditions: three AM (by selective laser melting, SLM, electron beam melting, EBM, and directed energy deposition, DED, processes) and one wrought alloy (for comparison). A specially designed polygon sample allowed measurement of 12 sound wave velocities (SWVs), employing the dynamic pulse-echo ultrasonic technique. In conjunction with the measured density values, these SWVs enabled deriving of the tensor of elastic constants (<i>C</i><sub>ij</sub>) and the three-dimensional (3D) Young’s moduli maps. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and micro-computed tomography (μCT) were employed to characterize the grain size and orientation as well as porosity and other defects which could explain the difference in the measured elastic constants of the four materials. All three types of AM materials showed only minor anisotropy. The wrought (hot rolled) alloy exhibited the highest density, virtually pore-free μCT images, and the highest ultrasonic anisotropy and polarity behavior. EBSD analysis revealed that a thin β-phase layer that formed along the elongated grain boundaries caused the ultrasonic polarity behavior. The finding that the elastic properties depend on the manufacturing process and on the angle relative to either the rolling direction or the AM build direction should be taken into account in the design of products. The data reported herein is valuable for materials selection and finite element analyses in mechanical design. The pulse-echo measurement procedure employed in this study may be further adapted and used for quality control of AM materials and parts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:02:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2aa72ce40ab94319a43aeec4d7eed8d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:02:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-2aa72ce40ab94319a43aeec4d7eed8d32023-11-23T14:32:27ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-01-0115263810.3390/ma15020638Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V AlloysOfer Tevet0David Svetlizky1David Harel2Zahava Barkay3Dolev Geva4Noam Eliaz5Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelThe Wolfson Applied Materials Research Centre, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelIsrael Ministry of Defense, Hakirya, Tel Aviv 61909, IsraelDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, IsraelAdditively manufactured (AM) materials and hot rolled materials are typically orthotropic, and exhibit anisotropic elastic properties. This paper elucidates the anisotropic elastic properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) of Ti6Al4V alloy in four different conditions: three AM (by selective laser melting, SLM, electron beam melting, EBM, and directed energy deposition, DED, processes) and one wrought alloy (for comparison). A specially designed polygon sample allowed measurement of 12 sound wave velocities (SWVs), employing the dynamic pulse-echo ultrasonic technique. In conjunction with the measured density values, these SWVs enabled deriving of the tensor of elastic constants (<i>C</i><sub>ij</sub>) and the three-dimensional (3D) Young’s moduli maps. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and micro-computed tomography (μCT) were employed to characterize the grain size and orientation as well as porosity and other defects which could explain the difference in the measured elastic constants of the four materials. All three types of AM materials showed only minor anisotropy. The wrought (hot rolled) alloy exhibited the highest density, virtually pore-free μCT images, and the highest ultrasonic anisotropy and polarity behavior. EBSD analysis revealed that a thin β-phase layer that formed along the elongated grain boundaries caused the ultrasonic polarity behavior. The finding that the elastic properties depend on the manufacturing process and on the angle relative to either the rolling direction or the AM build direction should be taken into account in the design of products. The data reported herein is valuable for materials selection and finite element analyses in mechanical design. The pulse-echo measurement procedure employed in this study may be further adapted and used for quality control of AM materials and parts.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/2/638Ti6Al4Vadditive manufacturing (AM)directed energy deposition (DED)electron beam melting (EBM)selective laser melting (SLM)wrought alloy |
| spellingShingle | Ofer Tevet David Svetlizky David Harel Zahava Barkay Dolev Geva Noam Eliaz Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys Materials Ti6Al4V additive manufacturing (AM) directed energy deposition (DED) electron beam melting (EBM) selective laser melting (SLM) wrought alloy |
| title | Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys |
| title_full | Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys |
| title_fullStr | Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys |
| title_short | Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys |
| title_sort | measurement of the anisotropic dynamic elastic constants of additive manufactured and wrought ti6al4v alloys |
| topic | Ti6Al4V additive manufacturing (AM) directed energy deposition (DED) electron beam melting (EBM) selective laser melting (SLM) wrought alloy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/2/638 |
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