An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia
The rapidly changing climatic scenario is demanding periodic evaluation of groundwater quality at the temporal and spatial scale in any region for its effectual management. The statistical, geographic information system (GIS), geostatistical, and map overlay approaches were applied for investigating...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3555 |
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| author | Huzaifa Shahzad Hafiz Umar Farid Zahid Mahmood Khan Muhammad Naveed Anjum Ijaz Ahmad Xi Chen Perviaz Sakindar Muhammad Mubeen Matlob Ahmad Aminjon Gulakhmadov |
| author_facet | Huzaifa Shahzad Hafiz Umar Farid Zahid Mahmood Khan Muhammad Naveed Anjum Ijaz Ahmad Xi Chen Perviaz Sakindar Muhammad Mubeen Matlob Ahmad Aminjon Gulakhmadov |
| author_sort | Huzaifa Shahzad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The rapidly changing climatic scenario is demanding periodic evaluation of groundwater quality at the temporal and spatial scale in any region for its effectual management. The statistical, geographic information system (GIS), geostatistical, and map overlay approaches were applied for investigating the spatio-temporal variation in groundwater quality and level data of 242 monitoring wells in Punjab, Pakistan during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2015 and 2016. The analysis indicated the higher variation in data for both the seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) as coefficient of variation (CV) values were found in the range of 84–175% for groundwater quality parameters. Based on the <i>t</i>-test values, the marginal improvement in groundwater electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and decrease in groundwater level (GWL) were observed in 2016 as compared to 2015 (<i>p</i> = 0.05). The spatial distribution analysis of groundwater EC, SAR and RSC indicated that the groundwater quality was unfit for irrigation in the lower south-east part of the study area. The groundwater level (GWL) was also higher in that part of the study area during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in 2015 and 2016. The overlay analysis also indicated that the groundwater EC, RSC and GWL values were higher in south-east parts of the study area during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2016. Hence, there is an instant need to apply groundwater management practices in the rest of the region (especially in the lower south-east part) to overcome the future degradation of groundwater quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:58:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2aad694937244a0daefe4b0eaba608a8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:58:51Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-2aad694937244a0daefe4b0eaba608a82023-11-21T01:21:51ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-12-011212355510.3390/w12123555An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South AsiaHuzaifa Shahzad0Hafiz Umar Farid1Zahid Mahmood Khan2Muhammad Naveed Anjum3Ijaz Ahmad4Xi Chen5Perviaz Sakindar6Muhammad Mubeen7Matlob Ahmad8Aminjon Gulakhmadov9Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Land and Water Conservation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering &Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanResearch Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, ChinaAgricultural Engineering Department, (Field Wing) Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus 61100, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, PakistanResearch Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, ChinaThe rapidly changing climatic scenario is demanding periodic evaluation of groundwater quality at the temporal and spatial scale in any region for its effectual management. The statistical, geographic information system (GIS), geostatistical, and map overlay approaches were applied for investigating the spatio-temporal variation in groundwater quality and level data of 242 monitoring wells in Punjab, Pakistan during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2015 and 2016. The analysis indicated the higher variation in data for both the seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) as coefficient of variation (CV) values were found in the range of 84–175% for groundwater quality parameters. Based on the <i>t</i>-test values, the marginal improvement in groundwater electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and decrease in groundwater level (GWL) were observed in 2016 as compared to 2015 (<i>p</i> = 0.05). The spatial distribution analysis of groundwater EC, SAR and RSC indicated that the groundwater quality was unfit for irrigation in the lower south-east part of the study area. The groundwater level (GWL) was also higher in that part of the study area during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in 2015 and 2016. The overlay analysis also indicated that the groundwater EC, RSC and GWL values were higher in south-east parts of the study area during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2016. Hence, there is an instant need to apply groundwater management practices in the rest of the region (especially in the lower south-east part) to overcome the future degradation of groundwater quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3555groundwater qualitygroundwater levelgeostatistics<i>t</i>-testspatial distribution modeling |
| spellingShingle | Huzaifa Shahzad Hafiz Umar Farid Zahid Mahmood Khan Muhammad Naveed Anjum Ijaz Ahmad Xi Chen Perviaz Sakindar Muhammad Mubeen Matlob Ahmad Aminjon Gulakhmadov An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia Water groundwater quality groundwater level geostatistics <i>t</i>-test spatial distribution modeling |
| title | An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia |
| title_full | An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia |
| title_fullStr | An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia |
| title_short | An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia |
| title_sort | integrated use of gis geostatistical and map overlay techniques for spatio temporal variability analysis of groundwater quality and level in the punjab province of pakistan south asia |
| topic | groundwater quality groundwater level geostatistics <i>t</i>-test spatial distribution modeling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3555 |
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