Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association?
Introduction COVID-19 raises serious concerns regarding its unknown consequences for health, including psychiatric long term outcomes. Historically, influenza virus has been responsible for pandemics associated with schizophrenia. Epidemiological studies showed increased risk for schizophrenia in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Cambridge University Press
2021-04-01
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| Series: | European Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0924933821004478/type/journal_article |
| _version_ | 1797617263601254400 |
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| author | D. Magalhães F. Ferreira T. Ferreira I. Figueiredo F. Martinho R. Felício N. Santos |
| author_facet | D. Magalhães F. Ferreira T. Ferreira I. Figueiredo F. Martinho R. Felício N. Santos |
| author_sort | D. Magalhães |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Introduction
COVID-19 raises serious concerns regarding its unknown consequences for health, including psychiatric long term outcomes. Historically, influenza virus has been responsible for pandemics associated with schizophrenia. Epidemiological studies showed increased risk for schizophrenia in children of mothers exposed to the 1957 influenza A2 pandemic. Controversy remains concerning the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying this risk.
Objectives
We aim to review the evidence for the association between influenza infection and schizophrenia risk, the possible pathogenic mechanisms underlying and correlate these findings with the schizophrenia hypothesis of neurodevelopment.
Methods
We reviewed literature regarding evidence from epidemiological, translational animal models and serological studies using medline database.
Results
The biological mechanisms likely to be relevant account to the effects of infection-induced maternal immune activation, microglial activation, infection-induced neuronal autoimmunity, molecular mimicry of the influenza virus, neuronal surface autoantibodies and psychosis with potential infectious antecedents. Influenza infection may fit into the theory of the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia as a factor that alters the normal maturation processes of the brain (possible second or third hit).
Conclusions
Influenza infection has multiple pathogenic pathways in both pre and post natal processes that might increase the risk of schizophrenia or psychosis. The existing evidence regarding the relationship between influenza virus and psychosis might help us draw similar long-term concerns of COVID-19.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
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| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:53:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2aae22ea8d304adbbe0130a0fbaab3a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0924-9338 1778-3585 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:53:20Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-2aae22ea8d304adbbe0130a0fbaab3a12023-11-17T05:06:11ZengCambridge University PressEuropean Psychiatry0924-93381778-35852021-04-0164S168S16810.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.447Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association?D. Magalhães0F. Ferreira1T. Ferreira2I. Figueiredo3F. Martinho4R. Felício5N. Santos6Psychiatry, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), PortugalPsychiatry, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), PortugalPsychiatry, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), PortugalMental Health Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), PortugalPsychiatry, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), PortugalMental Health Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), PortugalPsychiatry, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa (Amadora), Portugal Introduction COVID-19 raises serious concerns regarding its unknown consequences for health, including psychiatric long term outcomes. Historically, influenza virus has been responsible for pandemics associated with schizophrenia. Epidemiological studies showed increased risk for schizophrenia in children of mothers exposed to the 1957 influenza A2 pandemic. Controversy remains concerning the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying this risk. Objectives We aim to review the evidence for the association between influenza infection and schizophrenia risk, the possible pathogenic mechanisms underlying and correlate these findings with the schizophrenia hypothesis of neurodevelopment. Methods We reviewed literature regarding evidence from epidemiological, translational animal models and serological studies using medline database. Results The biological mechanisms likely to be relevant account to the effects of infection-induced maternal immune activation, microglial activation, infection-induced neuronal autoimmunity, molecular mimicry of the influenza virus, neuronal surface autoantibodies and psychosis with potential infectious antecedents. Influenza infection may fit into the theory of the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia as a factor that alters the normal maturation processes of the brain (possible second or third hit). Conclusions Influenza infection has multiple pathogenic pathways in both pre and post natal processes that might increase the risk of schizophrenia or psychosis. The existing evidence regarding the relationship between influenza virus and psychosis might help us draw similar long-term concerns of COVID-19. Disclosure No significant relationships. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0924933821004478/type/journal_articleschizophréniainfluenzaviralinfection |
| spellingShingle | D. Magalhães F. Ferreira T. Ferreira I. Figueiredo F. Martinho R. Felício N. Santos Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association? European Psychiatry schizophrénia influenza viral infection |
| title | Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association? |
| title_full | Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association? |
| title_fullStr | Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association? |
| title_short | Influenza and schizophrenia: How can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association? |
| title_sort | influenza and schizophrenia how can we shed a light in the new virus from an old association |
| topic | schizophrénia influenza viral infection |
| url | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0924933821004478/type/journal_article |
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