Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region
<p>Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In the framework of the DEWEX (Dense Water Experiment) project, the seasonal and annual budgets of...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Biogeosciences |
| Online Access: | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/4683/2023/bg-20-4683-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797449064038531072 |
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| author | C. Ulses C. Estournel P. Marsaleix K. Soetaert M. Fourrier L. Coppola L. Coppola D. Lefèvre F. Touratier F. Touratier C. Goyet C. Goyet V. Guglielmi V. Guglielmi F. Kessouri P. Testor X. Durrieu de Madron |
| author_facet | C. Ulses C. Estournel P. Marsaleix K. Soetaert M. Fourrier L. Coppola L. Coppola D. Lefèvre F. Touratier F. Touratier C. Goyet C. Goyet V. Guglielmi V. Guglielmi F. Kessouri P. Testor X. Durrieu de Madron |
| author_sort | C. Ulses |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In the framework of the DEWEX (Dense Water Experiment) project, the seasonal and annual budgets of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea are investigated over the period September 2012–September 2013 using a 3D coupled physical–biogeochemical–chemical modeling approach. At the annual scale, we estimate that the northwestern Mediterranean Sea's deep-convection region was a moderate sink of 0.5 mol C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> for the atmosphere. The model results show the reduction of oceanic CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> uptake during deep convection and its increase during the abrupt spring phytoplankton bloom following the deep-convection events. We highlight the major roles in the annual dissolved inorganic carbon budget of both the biogeochemical and physical fluxes, which amount to <span class="inline-formula">−3.7</span> and 3.3 mol C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, respectively, and are 1 order of magnitude higher than the air–sea CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> flux. The upper layer (from the surface to 150 m depth) of the northwestern deep-convection region gained dissolved inorganic carbon through vertical physical transport and, to a lesser extent, oceanic CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> uptake, and it lost dissolved inorganic carbon through lateral transport and biogeochemical fluxes. The region, covering 2.5 % of the Mediterranean, acted as a source of dissolved inorganic carbon for the surface and intermediate water masses of the Balearic Sea and southwestern Mediterranean Sea and could represent up to 22 % and 11 %, respectively, of the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> exchanges with the Atlantic Ocean at the Strait of Gibraltar.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:19:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2abfa6599b494cb181bce5c95e13c58f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1726-4170 1726-4189 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:19:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biogeosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-2abfa6599b494cb181bce5c95e13c58f2023-11-28T15:22:15ZengCopernicus PublicationsBiogeosciences1726-41701726-41892023-11-01204683471010.5194/bg-20-4683-2023Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection regionC. Ulses0C. Estournel1P. Marsaleix2K. Soetaert3M. Fourrier4L. Coppola5L. Coppola6D. Lefèvre7F. Touratier8F. Touratier9C. Goyet10C. Goyet11V. Guglielmi12V. Guglielmi13F. Kessouri14P. Testor15X. Durrieu de Madron16Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES, CNRS, IRD, UT3), Toulouse, FranceUniversité de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES, CNRS, IRD, UT3), Toulouse, FranceUniversité de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES, CNRS, IRD, UT3), Toulouse, FranceThe Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, 4400 AC Yerseke, The NetherlandsSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, FranceSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, FranceSorbonne Université, CNRS, OSU STAMAR, Paris, FranceMediterranean Institute of Oceanography – MIO, Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, UM 110, Marseille, FranceEspace-Dev, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, FranceEspace-Dev, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IRD, Montpellier, FranceEspace-Dev, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, FranceEspace-Dev, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IRD, Montpellier, FranceEspace-Dev, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, FranceEspace-Dev, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IRD, Montpellier, FranceSouthern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USACNRS-Sorbonne Universités (UPMC Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR 7159, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et de Climatologie (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Observatoire Ecce Terra, Paris, FranceCEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France<p>Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In the framework of the DEWEX (Dense Water Experiment) project, the seasonal and annual budgets of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea are investigated over the period September 2012–September 2013 using a 3D coupled physical–biogeochemical–chemical modeling approach. At the annual scale, we estimate that the northwestern Mediterranean Sea's deep-convection region was a moderate sink of 0.5 mol C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> for the atmosphere. The model results show the reduction of oceanic CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> uptake during deep convection and its increase during the abrupt spring phytoplankton bloom following the deep-convection events. We highlight the major roles in the annual dissolved inorganic carbon budget of both the biogeochemical and physical fluxes, which amount to <span class="inline-formula">−3.7</span> and 3.3 mol C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, respectively, and are 1 order of magnitude higher than the air–sea CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> flux. The upper layer (from the surface to 150 m depth) of the northwestern deep-convection region gained dissolved inorganic carbon through vertical physical transport and, to a lesser extent, oceanic CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> uptake, and it lost dissolved inorganic carbon through lateral transport and biogeochemical fluxes. The region, covering 2.5 % of the Mediterranean, acted as a source of dissolved inorganic carbon for the surface and intermediate water masses of the Balearic Sea and southwestern Mediterranean Sea and could represent up to 22 % and 11 %, respectively, of the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> exchanges with the Atlantic Ocean at the Strait of Gibraltar.</p>https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/4683/2023/bg-20-4683-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | C. Ulses C. Estournel P. Marsaleix K. Soetaert M. Fourrier L. Coppola L. Coppola D. Lefèvre F. Touratier F. Touratier C. Goyet C. Goyet V. Guglielmi V. Guglielmi F. Kessouri P. Testor X. Durrieu de Madron Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region Biogeosciences |
| title | Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region |
| title_full | Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region |
| title_fullStr | Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region |
| title_short | Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region |
| title_sort | seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern mediterranean deep convection region |
| url | https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/4683/2023/bg-20-4683-2023.pdf |
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