Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction
Automobile manufacturers, alongside technology providers, researchers, and public agencies, are conducting extensive testing to design autonomous vehicles (AVs) algorithms that will provide a complete understanding of road users, specifically pedestrians. Pedestrian behavior and actions determinatio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/5/2574 |
| _version_ | 1797475597360824320 |
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| author | Farrukh Hafeez Usman Ullah Sheikh Abdullahi Abubakar Mas’ud Saud Al-Shammari Muhammad Hamid Ameer Azhar |
| author_facet | Farrukh Hafeez Usman Ullah Sheikh Abdullahi Abubakar Mas’ud Saud Al-Shammari Muhammad Hamid Ameer Azhar |
| author_sort | Farrukh Hafeez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Automobile manufacturers, alongside technology providers, researchers, and public agencies, are conducting extensive testing to design autonomous vehicles (AVs) algorithms that will provide a complete understanding of road users, specifically pedestrians. Pedestrian behavior and actions determination are highly unpredictable depending on behavioral beliefs, context, and socio-demographic variables. Context includes everything that potentially affects one’s behavior; in AVs–pedestrian interaction, context may consist of weather conditions, road structure, social factors norms, and traffic volume. These influencing elements, therefore, need to be focused on during the development of pedestrian interaction algorithms. For this purpose, the pedestrian behavior questionnaire for FAVs (PBQF) is designed based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A total of almost 1000 voluntary participants completed this multilingual survey. As socio-demographic values and physiological perception varies with local norms, regions, and ethnicity, participants from 27 countries were therefore chosen to account for this variation. One of the key findings of this study is the influence of pedestrian attributes and the context on pedestrian behavior. Pedestrian action cannot be understood without visual observation of the pedestrian themselves and their context. The findings showed that pedestrians build communication with vehicles based on their driving styles. The vehicle’s driving style leads pedestrians to think that the vehicle is human-driven or autonomous. The results also revealed that pedestrians use several cues to show their intention. The general perception of AVs was also analyzed, and the communication between AVs and pedestrians with different displaying options was investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:47:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2ad597aff3804f86ad03f89a1d0a8ff7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:47:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-2ad597aff3804f86ad03f89a1d0a8ff72023-11-23T22:42:59ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-03-01125257410.3390/app12052574Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian InteractionFarrukh Hafeez0Usman Ullah Sheikh1Abdullahi Abubakar Mas’ud2Saud Al-Shammari3Muhammad Hamid4Ameer Azhar5School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, MalaysiaSchool of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, MalaysiaElectrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Department, Jubail Industrial College, Al Jubail 35718, Saudi ArabiaElectrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Department, Jubail Industrial College, Al Jubail 35718, Saudi ArabiaEngineering Technology Department, Community College of Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 7344, QatarElectrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Department, Jubail Industrial College, Al Jubail 35718, Saudi ArabiaAutomobile manufacturers, alongside technology providers, researchers, and public agencies, are conducting extensive testing to design autonomous vehicles (AVs) algorithms that will provide a complete understanding of road users, specifically pedestrians. Pedestrian behavior and actions determination are highly unpredictable depending on behavioral beliefs, context, and socio-demographic variables. Context includes everything that potentially affects one’s behavior; in AVs–pedestrian interaction, context may consist of weather conditions, road structure, social factors norms, and traffic volume. These influencing elements, therefore, need to be focused on during the development of pedestrian interaction algorithms. For this purpose, the pedestrian behavior questionnaire for FAVs (PBQF) is designed based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A total of almost 1000 voluntary participants completed this multilingual survey. As socio-demographic values and physiological perception varies with local norms, regions, and ethnicity, participants from 27 countries were therefore chosen to account for this variation. One of the key findings of this study is the influence of pedestrian attributes and the context on pedestrian behavior. Pedestrian action cannot be understood without visual observation of the pedestrian themselves and their context. The findings showed that pedestrians build communication with vehicles based on their driving styles. The vehicle’s driving style leads pedestrians to think that the vehicle is human-driven or autonomous. The results also revealed that pedestrians use several cues to show their intention. The general perception of AVs was also analyzed, and the communication between AVs and pedestrians with different displaying options was investigated.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/5/2574autonomous vehiclecross-country comparisonpedestrian contextpedestrian behaviorawarenessadoption |
| spellingShingle | Farrukh Hafeez Usman Ullah Sheikh Abdullahi Abubakar Mas’ud Saud Al-Shammari Muhammad Hamid Ameer Azhar Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction Applied Sciences autonomous vehicle cross-country comparison pedestrian context pedestrian behavior awareness adoption |
| title | Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction |
| title_full | Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction |
| title_fullStr | Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction |
| title_short | Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction |
| title_sort | application of the theory of planned behavior in autonomous vehicle pedestrian interaction |
| topic | autonomous vehicle cross-country comparison pedestrian context pedestrian behavior awareness adoption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/5/2574 |
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