Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses
Equine influenza (EI) outbreaks occurred on 19 premises in Ireland during 2014. Disease affected thoroughbred (TB) and non-TB horses/ponies on a variety of premises including four racing yards. Initial clinical signs presented on 16 premises within a two-month period. Extensive field investigations...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2018-04-01
|
| Series: | Pathogens |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/7/2/43 |
| _version_ | 1798043480190091264 |
|---|---|
| author | Sarah Gildea Marie Garvey Pamela Lyons Rachel Lyons Jacinta Gahan Cathal Walsh Ann Cullinane |
| author_facet | Sarah Gildea Marie Garvey Pamela Lyons Rachel Lyons Jacinta Gahan Cathal Walsh Ann Cullinane |
| author_sort | Sarah Gildea |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Equine influenza (EI) outbreaks occurred on 19 premises in Ireland during 2014. Disease affected thoroughbred (TB) and non-TB horses/ponies on a variety of premises including four racing yards. Initial clinical signs presented on 16 premises within a two-month period. Extensive field investigations were undertaken, and the diagnostic effectiveness of a TaqMan RT-PCR assay was demonstrated in regularly-vaccinated and sub-clinically-affected horses. Epidemiological data and repeat clinical samples were collected from 305 horses, of which 40% were reported as clinically affected, 39% were identified as confirmed cases and 11% were sub-clinically affected. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between clinical signs and age, vaccination status and number of vaccine doses received. Vaccine breakdown was identified in 31% of horses with up to date vaccination records. This included 27 horses in four different racing yards. Genetic and antigenic analysis identified causal viruses as belonging to Clade 2 of the Florida sublineage (FCL2). At the time of this study, no commercially available EI vaccine in Ireland had been updated in line with World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations to include a FCL2 virus. The findings of this study highlight the potential ease with which EI can spread among partially immune equine populations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:50:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2b09bddbb8334edda4542e9faaea8a77 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:50:38Z |
| publishDate | 2018-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-2b09bddbb8334edda4542e9faaea8a772022-12-22T03:58:36ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172018-04-01724310.3390/pathogens7020043pathogens7020043Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred RacehorsesSarah Gildea0Marie Garvey1Pamela Lyons2Rachel Lyons3Jacinta Gahan4Cathal Walsh5Ann Cullinane6Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, IrelandVirology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, IrelandVirology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, IrelandVirology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, IrelandVirology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, IrelandDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick V94 T9PX, IrelandVirology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, IrelandEquine influenza (EI) outbreaks occurred on 19 premises in Ireland during 2014. Disease affected thoroughbred (TB) and non-TB horses/ponies on a variety of premises including four racing yards. Initial clinical signs presented on 16 premises within a two-month period. Extensive field investigations were undertaken, and the diagnostic effectiveness of a TaqMan RT-PCR assay was demonstrated in regularly-vaccinated and sub-clinically-affected horses. Epidemiological data and repeat clinical samples were collected from 305 horses, of which 40% were reported as clinically affected, 39% were identified as confirmed cases and 11% were sub-clinically affected. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between clinical signs and age, vaccination status and number of vaccine doses received. Vaccine breakdown was identified in 31% of horses with up to date vaccination records. This included 27 horses in four different racing yards. Genetic and antigenic analysis identified causal viruses as belonging to Clade 2 of the Florida sublineage (FCL2). At the time of this study, no commercially available EI vaccine in Ireland had been updated in line with World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations to include a FCL2 virus. The findings of this study highlight the potential ease with which EI can spread among partially immune equine populations.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/7/2/43equine influenza Clade 2TaqMan RT-PCRvaccination breakdownthoroughbred racehorses |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Gildea Marie Garvey Pamela Lyons Rachel Lyons Jacinta Gahan Cathal Walsh Ann Cullinane Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses Pathogens equine influenza Clade 2 TaqMan RT-PCR vaccination breakdown thoroughbred racehorses |
| title | Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses |
| title_full | Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses |
| title_fullStr | Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses |
| title_short | Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses |
| title_sort | multifocal equine influenza outbreak with vaccination breakdown in thoroughbred racehorses |
| topic | equine influenza Clade 2 TaqMan RT-PCR vaccination breakdown thoroughbred racehorses |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/7/2/43 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sarahgildea multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses AT mariegarvey multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses AT pamelalyons multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses AT rachellyons multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses AT jacintagahan multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses AT cathalwalsh multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses AT anncullinane multifocalequineinfluenzaoutbreakwithvaccinationbreakdowninthoroughbredracehorses |