Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Neurodevelopmental regression (NDR) is an enigmatic event associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during which a child loses previously acquired skills and develops ASD symptoms. In some, a trigger which precedes the NDR event, such as a fever, can be identified, but in many cases no trigger...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Personalized Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/11/1809 |
| _version_ | 1797467634229313536 |
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| author | Richard E. Frye Janet Cakir Patrick J. McCarty Shannon Rose Leanna M. Delhey Raymond F. Palmer Christine Austin Paul Curtin Maayan Yitshak-sade Manish Arora |
| author_facet | Richard E. Frye Janet Cakir Patrick J. McCarty Shannon Rose Leanna M. Delhey Raymond F. Palmer Christine Austin Paul Curtin Maayan Yitshak-sade Manish Arora |
| author_sort | Richard E. Frye |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neurodevelopmental regression (NDR) is an enigmatic event associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during which a child loses previously acquired skills and develops ASD symptoms. In some, a trigger which precedes the NDR event, such as a fever, can be identified, but in many cases no trigger is obvious. We hypothesize that air pollution (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) may trigger NDR, especially in those children without an identified trigger. Average daily PM<sub>2.5</sub>, ozone, precipitation and maximum temperature (T<sub>max</sub>) were derived from Environmental Protection Agency models and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration monitors based on zip-code information from 83 ASD participants during the six-weeks following the onset month of an NDR event and a reference period defined as one year before and one year after the event. Seasonally adjusted logistic regression (LR) and linear mixed models (LMM) compared cases (with a history of NDR) and matched controls (without a history of NDR). LR models found that the risk of NDR was related to higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> during 3 to 6 weeks of the NDR event period, particularly in those without a trigger. Overall, both models converged on NDR being related to a higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> and lower T<sub>max</sub> both during the NDR event period as well as the reference period, particularly in those without a known trigger. This temporal pattern suggests that environmental triggers, particularly PM<sub>2.5</sub>, could be related to NDR, especially in those without an identifiable trigger. Further studies to determine the underlying biological mechanism of this observation could help better understand NDR and provide opportunities to prevent NDR. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:56:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2b1dea497de04ef597a4943db9001c7a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4426 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:56:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Personalized Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-2b1dea497de04ef597a4943db9001c7a2023-11-24T05:25:31ZengMDPI AGJournal of Personalized Medicine2075-44262022-11-011211180910.3390/jpm12111809Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum DisorderRichard E. Frye0Janet Cakir1Patrick J. McCarty2Shannon Rose3Leanna M. Delhey4Raymond F. Palmer5Christine Austin6Paul Curtin7Maayan Yitshak-sade8Manish Arora9Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USADepartment of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USATulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USAArkansas Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USAArkansas Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USADepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USADepartment of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USADepartment of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USADepartment of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USADepartment of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USANeurodevelopmental regression (NDR) is an enigmatic event associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during which a child loses previously acquired skills and develops ASD symptoms. In some, a trigger which precedes the NDR event, such as a fever, can be identified, but in many cases no trigger is obvious. We hypothesize that air pollution (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) may trigger NDR, especially in those children without an identified trigger. Average daily PM<sub>2.5</sub>, ozone, precipitation and maximum temperature (T<sub>max</sub>) were derived from Environmental Protection Agency models and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration monitors based on zip-code information from 83 ASD participants during the six-weeks following the onset month of an NDR event and a reference period defined as one year before and one year after the event. Seasonally adjusted logistic regression (LR) and linear mixed models (LMM) compared cases (with a history of NDR) and matched controls (without a history of NDR). LR models found that the risk of NDR was related to higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> during 3 to 6 weeks of the NDR event period, particularly in those without a trigger. Overall, both models converged on NDR being related to a higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> and lower T<sub>max</sub> both during the NDR event period as well as the reference period, particularly in those without a known trigger. This temporal pattern suggests that environmental triggers, particularly PM<sub>2.5</sub>, could be related to NDR, especially in those without an identifiable trigger. Further studies to determine the underlying biological mechanism of this observation could help better understand NDR and provide opportunities to prevent NDR.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/11/1809autism spectrum disorderair pollutionneurodevelopmental regressiontemperature |
| spellingShingle | Richard E. Frye Janet Cakir Patrick J. McCarty Shannon Rose Leanna M. Delhey Raymond F. Palmer Christine Austin Paul Curtin Maayan Yitshak-sade Manish Arora Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder Journal of Personalized Medicine autism spectrum disorder air pollution neurodevelopmental regression temperature |
| title | Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_full | Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_fullStr | Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_full_unstemmed | Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_short | Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_sort | air pollution and maximum temperature are associated with neurodevelopmental regressive events in autism spectrum disorder |
| topic | autism spectrum disorder air pollution neurodevelopmental regression temperature |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/11/1809 |
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