A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds
A hairpin DNA (hpDNA) piezoelectric gas sensors array with heptamer loops as sensing elements was designed, realized, and challenged with pure volatile organic compounds VOCs and real samples (beer). The virtual binding versus five chemical classes (alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, and ket...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-05-01
|
| Series: | Chemosensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/5/115 |
| _version_ | 1797533328368205824 |
|---|---|
| author | Sara Gaggiotti Marcello Mascini Angelo Cichelli Michele Del Carlo Dario Compagnone |
| author_facet | Sara Gaggiotti Marcello Mascini Angelo Cichelli Michele Del Carlo Dario Compagnone |
| author_sort | Sara Gaggiotti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A hairpin DNA (hpDNA) piezoelectric gas sensors array with heptamer loops as sensing elements was designed, realized, and challenged with pure volatile organic compounds VOCs and real samples (beer). The virtual binding versus five chemical classes (alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, and ketones) of the entire combinatorial library of heptamer loops (16,384 elements) was studied by molecular modelling. Six heptamer loops, having the largest variance in binding the chemical classes, were selected to build the array. The six gas sensors were realized by immobilizing onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a thiol spacer the hpDNA constituted by the heptamer loops and the same double helix stem of four base pairs (GAAG at 5′ and CTTC at 3′ end). The HpDNA-AuNP was used to modify the surface of 20 MHz quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). The realized E-nose was able to clearly discriminate among 15 pure VOCs of different chemical classes, as demonstrated by hierarchical cluster analysis. The analysis of real beer samples during fermentation was also carried out. In such a challenging matrix consisting of 23 different VOCs, the hpDNA E-nose with heptamer loops was able to discriminate among different fermentation times with high success rate. Class assignment using the Bayes theorem gave an excellent 98% correct beer samples classification in cross-validation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:13:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2b1f987a441843ca806ca3877a1cb70c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:13:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-2b1f987a441843ca806ca3877a1cb70c2023-11-21T20:35:03ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402021-05-019511510.3390/chemosensors9050115A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic CompoundsSara Gaggiotti0Marcello Mascini1Angelo Cichelli2Michele Del Carlo3Dario Compagnone4Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, ItalyFaculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, ItalyFaculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, ItalyFaculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, ItalyA hairpin DNA (hpDNA) piezoelectric gas sensors array with heptamer loops as sensing elements was designed, realized, and challenged with pure volatile organic compounds VOCs and real samples (beer). The virtual binding versus five chemical classes (alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, and ketones) of the entire combinatorial library of heptamer loops (16,384 elements) was studied by molecular modelling. Six heptamer loops, having the largest variance in binding the chemical classes, were selected to build the array. The six gas sensors were realized by immobilizing onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a thiol spacer the hpDNA constituted by the heptamer loops and the same double helix stem of four base pairs (GAAG at 5′ and CTTC at 3′ end). The HpDNA-AuNP was used to modify the surface of 20 MHz quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). The realized E-nose was able to clearly discriminate among 15 pure VOCs of different chemical classes, as demonstrated by hierarchical cluster analysis. The analysis of real beer samples during fermentation was also carried out. In such a challenging matrix consisting of 23 different VOCs, the hpDNA E-nose with heptamer loops was able to discriminate among different fermentation times with high success rate. Class assignment using the Bayes theorem gave an excellent 98% correct beer samples classification in cross-validation.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/5/115electronic nosehpDNASPME/GC-MSgas sensorsbeerQCMs |
| spellingShingle | Sara Gaggiotti Marcello Mascini Angelo Cichelli Michele Del Carlo Dario Compagnone A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds Chemosensors electronic nose hpDNA SPME/GC-MS gas sensors beer QCMs |
| title | A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_full | A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_fullStr | A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_short | A Hairpin DNA-Based Piezoelectric E-Nose: Exploring the Performances of Heptamer Loops for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds |
| title_sort | hairpin dna based piezoelectric e nose exploring the performances of heptamer loops for the detection of volatile organic compounds |
| topic | electronic nose hpDNA SPME/GC-MS gas sensors beer QCMs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/5/115 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saragaggiotti ahairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT marcellomascini ahairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT angelocichelli ahairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT micheledelcarlo ahairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT dariocompagnone ahairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT saragaggiotti hairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT marcellomascini hairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT angelocichelli hairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT micheledelcarlo hairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds AT dariocompagnone hairpindnabasedpiezoelectricenoseexploringtheperformancesofheptamerloopsforthedetectionofvolatileorganiccompounds |