Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization
The important reason for the commercial value of hybrid rice suffering is due to excessive chalkiness, and the biosynthesis of starch and proteins is critical for regulating chalkiness; however, it is currently unclear how the application of N fertilizer affects grains to reduce their chalkiness and...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| author | Changchun Guo Lin Zhang Peng Jiang Zhiyuan Yang Zongkui Chen Fuxian Xu Xiaoyi Guo Yongjian Sun Jun Ma |
| author_facet | Changchun Guo Lin Zhang Peng Jiang Zhiyuan Yang Zongkui Chen Fuxian Xu Xiaoyi Guo Yongjian Sun Jun Ma |
| author_sort | Changchun Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The important reason for the commercial value of hybrid rice suffering is due to excessive chalkiness, and the biosynthesis of starch and proteins is critical for regulating chalkiness; however, it is currently unclear how the application of N fertilizer affects grains to reduce their chalkiness and improve their quality. The 2019, 2020, and 2021 trials were conducted in a split-plot design, with high and low chalky varieties as the main plot and N fertilizer rate as the split-plot. The effects of fertilization with 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> on the dynamic synthesis of starch, protein, and endogenous hormones and on the amino acid of hybrid indica rice kernels with different degrees of chalkiness were investigated. Grain physiological activity was higher in low-chalky varieties than in high-chalky varieties, and these physiological parameters were strongly associated with chalkiness formation. Higher N fertilization (150 and 225 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) significantly reduced the proportion of chalky grains (8.93–28.02%) and chalkiness (8.61–33.99%) compared with 75 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. Increased N fertilization decreased the activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch-debranching enzyme, but significantly increased adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch-branching enzyme activities, synergistically improving glutamate synthetase and glutamine synthetase enzyme activities, which tended to support the synthesis of amylopectin, α-ketoglutarate, and 3-phosphoglyceric acid-derived amino acids in the endosperm cells of the grains; this favored starch and protein accumulation in the grains at 6–30 days after anthesis. Additionally, N application promoted the synthesis of endogenous hormones 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, gibberellins, and abscisic acid in grains. Hence, N fertilization reduced the rice chalkiness in hybrid indica rice varieties by balancing grain protein and starch composition and enhancing some endogenous hormone synthesis. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:16:37Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2b5a01299b4c4d01a91ecd9fcc7eca6f2024-03-27T13:41:00ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582024-03-0113685510.3390/foods13060855Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen FertilizationChangchun Guo0Lin Zhang1Peng Jiang2Zhiyuan Yang3Zongkui Chen4Fuxian Xu5Xiaoyi Guo6Yongjian Sun7Jun Ma8Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, ChinaCrop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCrop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, ChinaCrop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCrop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaThe important reason for the commercial value of hybrid rice suffering is due to excessive chalkiness, and the biosynthesis of starch and proteins is critical for regulating chalkiness; however, it is currently unclear how the application of N fertilizer affects grains to reduce their chalkiness and improve their quality. The 2019, 2020, and 2021 trials were conducted in a split-plot design, with high and low chalky varieties as the main plot and N fertilizer rate as the split-plot. The effects of fertilization with 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> on the dynamic synthesis of starch, protein, and endogenous hormones and on the amino acid of hybrid indica rice kernels with different degrees of chalkiness were investigated. Grain physiological activity was higher in low-chalky varieties than in high-chalky varieties, and these physiological parameters were strongly associated with chalkiness formation. Higher N fertilization (150 and 225 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) significantly reduced the proportion of chalky grains (8.93–28.02%) and chalkiness (8.61–33.99%) compared with 75 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. Increased N fertilization decreased the activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch-debranching enzyme, but significantly increased adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch-branching enzyme activities, synergistically improving glutamate synthetase and glutamine synthetase enzyme activities, which tended to support the synthesis of amylopectin, α-ketoglutarate, and 3-phosphoglyceric acid-derived amino acids in the endosperm cells of the grains; this favored starch and protein accumulation in the grains at 6–30 days after anthesis. Additionally, N application promoted the synthesis of endogenous hormones 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, gibberellins, and abscisic acid in grains. Hence, N fertilization reduced the rice chalkiness in hybrid indica rice varieties by balancing grain protein and starch composition and enhancing some endogenous hormone synthesis.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/6/855N ratechalkiness featuresC and N metabolismendogenous hormonesdynamic accumulation |
| spellingShingle | Changchun Guo Lin Zhang Peng Jiang Zhiyuan Yang Zongkui Chen Fuxian Xu Xiaoyi Guo Yongjian Sun Jun Ma Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization Foods N rate chalkiness features C and N metabolism endogenous hormones dynamic accumulation |
| title | Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization |
| title_full | Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization |
| title_fullStr | Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization |
| title_short | Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization |
| title_sort | grain chalkiness is decreased by balancing the synthesis of protein and starch in hybrid indica rice grains under nitrogen fertilization |
| topic | N rate chalkiness features C and N metabolism endogenous hormones dynamic accumulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/6/855 |
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