Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach
To provide enhanced mobile services, the 5G system is expected to further densify its network infrastructure and scale up the deployment of massive antenna arrays that emit high-energy beams using the millimeter wave spectrum. These radically new features will significantly impact the EMF exposu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Universitas Indonesia
2022-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Technology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/5928 |
| _version_ | 1797963136622395392 |
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| author | Mohammed Ahmed Salem Heng Siong Lim Ming Yam Chua Su Fong Chien Charilaos C. Zarakovitis Chiew Yean Ng Noor Ziela Abd Rahman |
| author_facet | Mohammed Ahmed Salem Heng Siong Lim Ming Yam Chua Su Fong Chien Charilaos C. Zarakovitis Chiew Yean Ng Noor Ziela Abd Rahman |
| author_sort | Mohammed Ahmed Salem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To provide enhanced mobile services, the 5G system is
expected to further densify its network infrastructure and scale up the
deployment of massive antenna arrays that emit high-energy beams using the
millimeter wave spectrum. These radically new features will significantly
impact the EMF exposure level in the 5G networks. In this paper, EMF exposure
for 5G mobile networks in a dense urban environment is investigated using a
raytracing approach for the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). A massive multi-input multi-output antenna
with multiuser beamforming capability is considered for the 5G base station.
For DL, the maximum rate transmission (MRT) technique is used to direct the
beams toward all the active users, and total power density (PD) is used to
evaluate the EMF exposure level. On the other hand, EMF exposure due to UL is
investigated using electric field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR).
The proposed ray-tracing based EMF evaluation framework exploits detailed
information of the scenarios, including 3D building geometry, EM
characteristics, multipath propagation, user locations and beamforming
radiation pattern, to effectively evaluate the EMF’s spatial variation levels.
Following this evaluation procedure, the impact of different user densities and
distributions is analyzed in terms of PD and SAR. Results show that for DL, the
peak PD increases from 6.65 to 24.92 dBm/m2 when the number of
active users in the area increases from a single user to 100%. Considering the
worst-case scenario, the PD exposure reaches 62% of the ICNIRP’s limit.
Saturation of the spatial EMF distribution occurs when the number of active DL
beams is above 25%. For UL, within 5m radius of the user’s location, the
average E-field may increase from 2.40 to 3.98 V/m. (increment of 66%) if the
number of active users in the area increases from 25% to 100%. Moreover, when
100% of the users are actively transmitting, there is only a 10% probability
that the SAR may exceed 0.06 W/kg (or 3% of the ICNIRP’s limit). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T01:23:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2b5ba1f0d2434476b8f9f54819e5694c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2086-9614 2087-2100 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T01:23:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Universitas Indonesia |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2b5ba1f0d2434476b8f9f54819e5694c2023-01-03T10:44:50ZengUniversitas IndonesiaInternational Journal of Technology2086-96142087-21002022-11-011361298130710.14716/ijtech.v13i6.59285928Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing ApproachMohammed Ahmed Salem0Heng Siong Lim1Ming Yam Chua2Su Fong Chien3Charilaos C. Zarakovitis4Chiew Yean Ng5Noor Ziela Abd Rahman6Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450, Bukit Beruang, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450, Bukit Beruang, MalaysiaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, MalaysiaMIMOS Berhad, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaICT Department, AxonLogic IKE, 142 31, Athens, GreeceDepartment of Radiology, Columbia Asia Hospital, 47100, Puchong, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450, Bukit Beruang, MalaysiaTo provide enhanced mobile services, the 5G system is expected to further densify its network infrastructure and scale up the deployment of massive antenna arrays that emit high-energy beams using the millimeter wave spectrum. These radically new features will significantly impact the EMF exposure level in the 5G networks. In this paper, EMF exposure for 5G mobile networks in a dense urban environment is investigated using a raytracing approach for the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). A massive multi-input multi-output antenna with multiuser beamforming capability is considered for the 5G base station. For DL, the maximum rate transmission (MRT) technique is used to direct the beams toward all the active users, and total power density (PD) is used to evaluate the EMF exposure level. On the other hand, EMF exposure due to UL is investigated using electric field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR). The proposed ray-tracing based EMF evaluation framework exploits detailed information of the scenarios, including 3D building geometry, EM characteristics, multipath propagation, user locations and beamforming radiation pattern, to effectively evaluate the EMF’s spatial variation levels. Following this evaluation procedure, the impact of different user densities and distributions is analyzed in terms of PD and SAR. Results show that for DL, the peak PD increases from 6.65 to 24.92 dBm/m2 when the number of active users in the area increases from a single user to 100%. Considering the worst-case scenario, the PD exposure reaches 62% of the ICNIRP’s limit. Saturation of the spatial EMF distribution occurs when the number of active DL beams is above 25%. For UL, within 5m radius of the user’s location, the average E-field may increase from 2.40 to 3.98 V/m. (increment of 66%) if the number of active users in the area increases from 25% to 100%. Moreover, when 100% of the users are actively transmitting, there is only a 10% probability that the SAR may exceed 0.06 W/kg (or 3% of the ICNIRP’s limit).https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/5928dense urban environmentemf exposuremultiuser beamformingpower densityspecific absorption rate |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Ahmed Salem Heng Siong Lim Ming Yam Chua Su Fong Chien Charilaos C. Zarakovitis Chiew Yean Ng Noor Ziela Abd Rahman Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach International Journal of Technology dense urban environment emf exposure multiuser beamforming power density specific absorption rate |
| title | Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach |
| title_full | Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach |
| title_short | Investigation of EMF Exposure Level for Uplink and Downlink of 5G Network Using Ray Tracing Approach |
| title_sort | investigation of emf exposure level for uplink and downlink of 5g network using ray tracing approach |
| topic | dense urban environment emf exposure multiuser beamforming power density specific absorption rate |
| url | https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/5928 |
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