Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity
<b>Background</b>: <i>Anisakis</i> spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at the gastric, intestinal, or ectopic levels. Despite its relevance in publi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | Pathogens |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1214 |
| _version_ | 1797470438434013184 |
|---|---|
| author | Ilaria Bellini Daniela Scribano Meysam Sarshar Cecilia Ambrosi Antonella Pizzarelli Anna Teresa Palamara Stefano D’Amelio Serena Cavallero |
| author_facet | Ilaria Bellini Daniela Scribano Meysam Sarshar Cecilia Ambrosi Antonella Pizzarelli Anna Teresa Palamara Stefano D’Amelio Serena Cavallero |
| author_sort | Ilaria Bellini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background</b>: <i>Anisakis</i> spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at the gastric, intestinal, or ectopic levels. Despite its relevance in public health, studies on pathogenetic mechanisms and parasite-human interplay are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the human inflammatory response to different <i>Anisakis</i> vehicles of pathogenicity. <b>Methods</b>: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were exposed to <i>Anisakis</i> L3 (the initial contact with the host), extracellular vesicles (EVs, <i>Anisakis</i>–host communication), and crude extract (CE, the larval dying). The protein quantity and gene expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) were investigated using an ELISA test (6 h and 24 h) and a qReal-Time PCR (1 h, 6 h, and 24 h), respectively. <b>Results</b>: The L3 and EVs induced a downregulation in both the <i>Il-6</i> and <i>Il-8</i> gene expression and protein quantity. On the contrary, the CE stimulated IL-6 gene expression and its protein release, not affecting IL-8. <b>Conclusions</b>: The Caco-2 cells seemed to not react to the exposure to the L3 and EVs, suggesting a parasite’s immunomodulating action to remain alive in an inhospitable niche. Conversely, the dying larva (CE) could induce strong activation of the immune strategy of the host that, in vivo, would lead to parasite expulsion, eosinophilia, and/or granuloma formation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:37:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2b6c5eaf371a496799fc68fabe420281 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:37:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-2b6c5eaf371a496799fc68fabe4202812023-11-24T01:50:02ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-10-011110121410.3390/pathogens11101214Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of PathogenicityIlaria Bellini0Daniela Scribano1Meysam Sarshar2Cecilia Ambrosi3Antonella Pizzarelli4Anna Teresa Palamara5Stefano D’Amelio6Serena Cavallero7Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyResearch Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, ItalyHuman Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS, 00166 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyLaboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy<b>Background</b>: <i>Anisakis</i> spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at the gastric, intestinal, or ectopic levels. Despite its relevance in public health, studies on pathogenetic mechanisms and parasite-human interplay are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the human inflammatory response to different <i>Anisakis</i> vehicles of pathogenicity. <b>Methods</b>: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were exposed to <i>Anisakis</i> L3 (the initial contact with the host), extracellular vesicles (EVs, <i>Anisakis</i>–host communication), and crude extract (CE, the larval dying). The protein quantity and gene expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) were investigated using an ELISA test (6 h and 24 h) and a qReal-Time PCR (1 h, 6 h, and 24 h), respectively. <b>Results</b>: The L3 and EVs induced a downregulation in both the <i>Il-6</i> and <i>Il-8</i> gene expression and protein quantity. On the contrary, the CE stimulated IL-6 gene expression and its protein release, not affecting IL-8. <b>Conclusions</b>: The Caco-2 cells seemed to not react to the exposure to the L3 and EVs, suggesting a parasite’s immunomodulating action to remain alive in an inhospitable niche. Conversely, the dying larva (CE) could induce strong activation of the immune strategy of the host that, in vivo, would lead to parasite expulsion, eosinophilia, and/or granuloma formation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1214<i>Anisakis</i>Caco-2crude extractextracellular vesiclesinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Ilaria Bellini Daniela Scribano Meysam Sarshar Cecilia Ambrosi Antonella Pizzarelli Anna Teresa Palamara Stefano D’Amelio Serena Cavallero Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity Pathogens <i>Anisakis</i> Caco-2 crude extract extracellular vesicles inflammation |
| title | Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity |
| title_full | Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity |
| title_fullStr | Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity |
| title_short | Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with <i>Anisakis</i> Messengers of Pathogenicity |
| title_sort | inflammatory response in caco 2 cells stimulated with i anisakis i messengers of pathogenicity |
| topic | <i>Anisakis</i> Caco-2 crude extract extracellular vesicles inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1214 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ilariabellini inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT danielascribano inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT meysamsarshar inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT ceciliaambrosi inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT antonellapizzarelli inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT annateresapalamara inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT stefanodamelio inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity AT serenacavallero inflammatoryresponseincaco2cellsstimulatedwithianisakisimessengersofpathogenicity |