Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode
It has been proven that precise point positioning (PPP) is a well-established technique to obtain high-precision positioning in the order between centimeters and millimeters. In this context, different studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of PPP in static mode as a possible alte...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2034 |
| _version_ | 1797603633330651136 |
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| author | Jesus René Vázquez-Ontiveros Jorge Padilla-Velazco J. Ramon Gaxiola-Camacho Guadalupe Esteban Vázquez-Becerra |
| author_facet | Jesus René Vázquez-Ontiveros Jorge Padilla-Velazco J. Ramon Gaxiola-Camacho Guadalupe Esteban Vázquez-Becerra |
| author_sort | Jesus René Vázquez-Ontiveros |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It has been proven that precise point positioning (PPP) is a well-established technique to obtain high-precision positioning in the order between centimeters and millimeters. In this context, different studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of PPP in static mode as a possible alternative to the relative method. However, only a few studies have evaluated the performance of a large number of different open-source software programs and have focused extensively on online free PPP services. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive comparison of processing in static mode between different open-source software and the online free PPP services is developed. For the evaluation, different GNSS observation files collected at 45 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations distributed worldwide were processed in static PPP mode. Within this frame of reference, ten open-source PPP software and five online free PPP services were studied. The results from the processing strategy demonstrate that it is possible to obtain precision in the order of millimeters with both open-source software and online PPP services. In addition, online PPP services experienced better performance than some other specialized PPP software. In summary, the results show that the daily solutions for the E (East), N (North), and U (Up) components estimated by the ten open-source software and by the five online free PPP services can reach millimeter precision for some stations. Among the open-source software, the PRIDE-PPPAR presented the best performance with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 5.52, 5.40, and 6.79 mm in the E, N, and U components, respectively. Alternatively, in the case of the online free PPP services, the APPS and CSRS-PPP produced the most accurate results, with RMSE values less than 12 mm for the three components. Finally, the open-source software and online free PPP services experienced similar positioning performance in the horizontal and vertical components, demonstrating that both can be implemented in static mode without compromising the accuracy of the measurement. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:34:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2b8c58770dfa484fa67417b130e1345f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:34:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-2b8c58770dfa484fa67417b130e1345f2023-11-17T21:11:06ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-04-01158203410.3390/rs15082034Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static ModeJesus René Vázquez-Ontiveros0Jorge Padilla-Velazco1J. Ramon Gaxiola-Camacho2Guadalupe Esteban Vázquez-Becerra3Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoDepartment of Earth and Space Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoDepartment of Civil Engineering, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoDepartment of Earth and Space Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoIt has been proven that precise point positioning (PPP) is a well-established technique to obtain high-precision positioning in the order between centimeters and millimeters. In this context, different studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of PPP in static mode as a possible alternative to the relative method. However, only a few studies have evaluated the performance of a large number of different open-source software programs and have focused extensively on online free PPP services. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive comparison of processing in static mode between different open-source software and the online free PPP services is developed. For the evaluation, different GNSS observation files collected at 45 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations distributed worldwide were processed in static PPP mode. Within this frame of reference, ten open-source PPP software and five online free PPP services were studied. The results from the processing strategy demonstrate that it is possible to obtain precision in the order of millimeters with both open-source software and online PPP services. In addition, online PPP services experienced better performance than some other specialized PPP software. In summary, the results show that the daily solutions for the E (East), N (North), and U (Up) components estimated by the ten open-source software and by the five online free PPP services can reach millimeter precision for some stations. Among the open-source software, the PRIDE-PPPAR presented the best performance with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 5.52, 5.40, and 6.79 mm in the E, N, and U components, respectively. Alternatively, in the case of the online free PPP services, the APPS and CSRS-PPP produced the most accurate results, with RMSE values less than 12 mm for the three components. Finally, the open-source software and online free PPP services experienced similar positioning performance in the horizontal and vertical components, demonstrating that both can be implemented in static mode without compromising the accuracy of the measurement.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2034static-mode PPPopen-sourcesonline PPP processing servicesRoot Mean Square ErrorGNSS technology |
| spellingShingle | Jesus René Vázquez-Ontiveros Jorge Padilla-Velazco J. Ramon Gaxiola-Camacho Guadalupe Esteban Vázquez-Becerra Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode Remote Sensing static-mode PPP open-sources online PPP processing services Root Mean Square Error GNSS technology |
| title | Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode |
| title_full | Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode |
| title_short | Evaluation and Analysis of the Accuracy of Open-Source Software and Online Services for PPP Processing in Static Mode |
| title_sort | evaluation and analysis of the accuracy of open source software and online services for ppp processing in static mode |
| topic | static-mode PPP open-sources online PPP processing services Root Mean Square Error GNSS technology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2034 |
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