| Summary: | In general, wireless relays are used for connecting wireless communication links, but relays can bring security and deployment issues. This paper investigates the performance of air-to-water communication systems without relay nodes. The probability density function (PDF) of the RF link is obtained by unifying <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>μ</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the extended generalized -<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="script">K</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> (EGK) and Fisher Snedecor (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>ℱ</mo></semantics></math></inline-formula>) distributions of atmospheric turbulence. We obtained the joint PDF of the RF/UWOC system for atmospheric turbulence and ocean turbulence with nonzero mean single-sided pointing error as well as air–water interface under foggy conditions. Based on statistical results, exact expressions for outage probability (OP), bit error rate (BER), and channel capacity (CC) were derived. Finally, we validated the analytical expression using Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results show that the fading parameters of the channel have a significant impact on the performance of a without-relay-assisted RF/UWOC system.
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