Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction
This study evaluates the effect of wet torrefaction of OPT under autogenous pressures at 3 different relatively low temperatures (i.e. 180, 200, and 220 oC) and extended residence times (i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h) on the hydrochar's physical, chemical, and structural properties. Lo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Cleaner Engineering and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790822000726 |
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| author | Megan Soh Deni Shidqi Khaerudini Chung Loong Yiin Jiuan Jing Chew Jaka Sunarso |
| author_facet | Megan Soh Deni Shidqi Khaerudini Chung Loong Yiin Jiuan Jing Chew Jaka Sunarso |
| author_sort | Megan Soh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study evaluates the effect of wet torrefaction of OPT under autogenous pressures at 3 different relatively low temperatures (i.e. 180, 200, and 220 oC) and extended residence times (i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h) on the hydrochar's physical, chemical, and structural properties. Logarithmic-like increase of HHV profile was observed at the highest temperature of 220 oC, in which a plateau was reached at 24 h. Between temperature and residence time, temperature gave a more significant influence on the characteristics of the produced biochar. The HHV of the biomass sample increases from 16.4 MJ kg−1 in raw OPT to the highest HHV of 26.9 MJ kg−1 when torrefied at 220 oC for 72 h. Van Krevelen analysis shows dehydration was the primary reaction pathway that occurred during wet torrefaction of OPT at 180 oC for 24 h, 200 oC for 24 h, 220 oC for 6 h, and 220 oC for 12 h. Decarboxylation dominates the reaction when temperature and residence time was increased to 220 oC for 24 h, respectively. Further increasing the residence time to 48 and 72 h at 220 oC promotes demethylation as the dominant reaction. FTIR analysis reveals that most hemicellulose and parts of cellulose decomposed when OPT was subjected to lower temperature and/or residence time (i.e. 180 oC for 24 h, 200 oC for 24 h, 220 oC for 6 h, and 220 oC for 12 h). However, increasing temperature to 220 oC and beyond 24 h resulted in carbon-rich and lignin-dense hydrochar, which was observed in powder XRD results where graphite nitrate peak at 2θ of 7.4o appears. Morphology analysis reveals that most of the hemicellulose and cellulose-rich parenchyma was removed when subjected to wet torrefaction at 220 oC for 24 h. The formation of microspheres from the repolymerisation of 5-HMF was observed in large quantities in OPT hydrochar treated at 220 oC for 72 h. Inorganic elemental analysis shows that wet torrefaction of OPT effectively removes K and Cl from the biomass. The removal of K increased with increased temperature, which may partially resolve the corrosion problems in combustion reactions related to silicate deposition. OPT hydrochar from WT under autogenous condition and relatively low temperature exhibits much more improved fuel properties compared to raw OPT. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T14:03:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2baa6487133c4804ac6e24d48c3a359c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-7908 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T14:03:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Cleaner Engineering and Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2baa6487133c4804ac6e24d48c3a359c2022-12-22T00:22:17ZengElsevierCleaner Engineering and Technology2666-79082022-06-018100467Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefactionMegan Soh0Deni Shidqi Khaerudini1Chung Loong Yiin2Jiuan Jing Chew3Jaka Sunarso4Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, MalaysiaResearch Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bld. 440 Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, 15314 Banten, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mercu Buana University, South Meruya No. 1, Jakarta, 11650, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, MalaysiaResearch Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, MalaysiaResearch Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; Corresponding author.This study evaluates the effect of wet torrefaction of OPT under autogenous pressures at 3 different relatively low temperatures (i.e. 180, 200, and 220 oC) and extended residence times (i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h) on the hydrochar's physical, chemical, and structural properties. Logarithmic-like increase of HHV profile was observed at the highest temperature of 220 oC, in which a plateau was reached at 24 h. Between temperature and residence time, temperature gave a more significant influence on the characteristics of the produced biochar. The HHV of the biomass sample increases from 16.4 MJ kg−1 in raw OPT to the highest HHV of 26.9 MJ kg−1 when torrefied at 220 oC for 72 h. Van Krevelen analysis shows dehydration was the primary reaction pathway that occurred during wet torrefaction of OPT at 180 oC for 24 h, 200 oC for 24 h, 220 oC for 6 h, and 220 oC for 12 h. Decarboxylation dominates the reaction when temperature and residence time was increased to 220 oC for 24 h, respectively. Further increasing the residence time to 48 and 72 h at 220 oC promotes demethylation as the dominant reaction. FTIR analysis reveals that most hemicellulose and parts of cellulose decomposed when OPT was subjected to lower temperature and/or residence time (i.e. 180 oC for 24 h, 200 oC for 24 h, 220 oC for 6 h, and 220 oC for 12 h). However, increasing temperature to 220 oC and beyond 24 h resulted in carbon-rich and lignin-dense hydrochar, which was observed in powder XRD results where graphite nitrate peak at 2θ of 7.4o appears. Morphology analysis reveals that most of the hemicellulose and cellulose-rich parenchyma was removed when subjected to wet torrefaction at 220 oC for 24 h. The formation of microspheres from the repolymerisation of 5-HMF was observed in large quantities in OPT hydrochar treated at 220 oC for 72 h. Inorganic elemental analysis shows that wet torrefaction of OPT effectively removes K and Cl from the biomass. The removal of K increased with increased temperature, which may partially resolve the corrosion problems in combustion reactions related to silicate deposition. OPT hydrochar from WT under autogenous condition and relatively low temperature exhibits much more improved fuel properties compared to raw OPT.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790822000726Hydrothermal carbonisationOil palm biomassOil palm trunksProcess parametersWet torrefaction |
| spellingShingle | Megan Soh Deni Shidqi Khaerudini Chung Loong Yiin Jiuan Jing Chew Jaka Sunarso Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction Cleaner Engineering and Technology Hydrothermal carbonisation Oil palm biomass Oil palm trunks Process parameters Wet torrefaction |
| title | Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction |
| title_full | Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction |
| title_fullStr | Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction |
| title_short | Physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks (OPT) hydrochar made via wet torrefaction |
| title_sort | physicochemical and structural characterisation of oil palm trunks opt hydrochar made via wet torrefaction |
| topic | Hydrothermal carbonisation Oil palm biomass Oil palm trunks Process parameters Wet torrefaction |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790822000726 |
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