Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study
Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) aims at targeting deep brain areas during transcranial electrical alternating current stimulation (tACS) by generating interference fields at depth. Although its modulatory effects have been demonstrated in animal and human models and stimulation studies, dire...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/7/1813 |
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| author | Krisztián Iszak Simon Mathies Gronemann Stefanie Meyer Alexander Hunold Jana Zschüntzsch Mathias Bähr Walter Paulus Andrea Antal |
| author_facet | Krisztián Iszak Simon Mathies Gronemann Stefanie Meyer Alexander Hunold Jana Zschüntzsch Mathias Bähr Walter Paulus Andrea Antal |
| author_sort | Krisztián Iszak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) aims at targeting deep brain areas during transcranial electrical alternating current stimulation (tACS) by generating interference fields at depth. Although its modulatory effects have been demonstrated in animal and human models and stimulation studies, direct experimental evidence is lacking for its utility in humans (in vivo). Herein, we directly test and compare three different structures: firstly, we perform peripheral nerve and muscle stimulation quantifying muscle twitches as readout, secondly, we stimulate peri-orbitally with phosphene perception as a surrogate marker, and thirdly, we attempt to modulate the mean power of alpha oscillations in the occipital area as measured with electroencephalography (EEG). We found strong evidence for stimulation efficacy on the modulated frequency in the PNS, but we found no evidence for its utility in the CNS. Possible reasons for failing to activate CNS targets could be comparatively higher activation thresholds here or inhibitory stimulation components to the carrier frequency interfering with the effects of the modulated signal. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:16:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2bc96e57e61840f98dcaab55d91d9476 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:16:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-2bc96e57e61840f98dcaab55d91d94762023-11-18T18:25:21ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-06-01117181310.3390/biomedicines11071813Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research StudyKrisztián Iszak0Simon Mathies Gronemann1Stefanie Meyer2Alexander Hunold3Jana Zschüntzsch4Mathias Bähr5Walter Paulus6Andrea Antal7Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, GermanyInstitute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Klinikum Großhadern, 81377 München, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, GermanyTemporal interference stimulation (TIS) aims at targeting deep brain areas during transcranial electrical alternating current stimulation (tACS) by generating interference fields at depth. Although its modulatory effects have been demonstrated in animal and human models and stimulation studies, direct experimental evidence is lacking for its utility in humans (in vivo). Herein, we directly test and compare three different structures: firstly, we perform peripheral nerve and muscle stimulation quantifying muscle twitches as readout, secondly, we stimulate peri-orbitally with phosphene perception as a surrogate marker, and thirdly, we attempt to modulate the mean power of alpha oscillations in the occipital area as measured with electroencephalography (EEG). We found strong evidence for stimulation efficacy on the modulated frequency in the PNS, but we found no evidence for its utility in the CNS. Possible reasons for failing to activate CNS targets could be comparatively higher activation thresholds here or inhibitory stimulation components to the carrier frequency interfering with the effects of the modulated signal.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/7/1813transcranial electrical stimulationtemporal interference stimulationnoninvasive brain stimulationtESTISNIBS |
| spellingShingle | Krisztián Iszak Simon Mathies Gronemann Stefanie Meyer Alexander Hunold Jana Zschüntzsch Mathias Bähr Walter Paulus Andrea Antal Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study Biomedicines transcranial electrical stimulation temporal interference stimulation noninvasive brain stimulation tES TIS NIBS |
| title | Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study |
| title_full | Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study |
| title_fullStr | Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study |
| title_short | Why Temporal Inference Stimulation May Fail in the Human Brain: A Pilot Research Study |
| title_sort | why temporal inference stimulation may fail in the human brain a pilot research study |
| topic | transcranial electrical stimulation temporal interference stimulation noninvasive brain stimulation tES TIS NIBS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/7/1813 |
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