Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management
The growing awareness of the complexities and uncertainties in water management has put into question the existing paradigms in this field. Increasingly more flexible, integrated, and adaptive policies are promoted. In this context, the understanding of how to effect policy change is becoming more i...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Resilience Alliance
2011-12-01
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| Series: | Ecology and Society |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss4/art5/ |
| _version_ | 1818718430679793664 |
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| author | Stijn Brouwer Frank Biermann |
| author_facet | Stijn Brouwer Frank Biermann |
| author_sort | Stijn Brouwer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The growing awareness of the complexities and uncertainties in water management has put into question the existing paradigms in this field. Increasingly more flexible, integrated, and adaptive policies are promoted. In this context, the understanding of how to effect policy change is becoming more important. This article analyzes policy making at the micro level, focusing on the behavior of policy entrepreneurs, which we understand here as risk-taking bureaucrats who seek to change policy and are involved throughout the policy-change process. Policy entrepreneurs have received a certain level of attention in the adaptive co-management literature and the policy sciences in past decades. Yet, the understanding of the actions they can take to facilitate policy change remains limited. This study addresses this gap in focusing on the strategies that policy entrepreneurs employ in their efforts to effect policy change. The article draws on both theoretical exploration and in-depth field research on water management in the Netherlands, which included a series of semi-structured interviews and a focus group with policy entrepreneurs. We conclude that policy entrepreneurs employ four types of strategies: (1) attention and support-seeking strategies, to demonstrate the significance of a problem and to convince a wide range of participants about their preferred policy; (2) linking strategies, to link with other parties, projects, ideas, and policy games; (3) relational management strategies, to manage the relational factor in policy-change trajectories; and finally, (4) arena strategies, to influence the time and place wherein decisions are made. Our study suggests that by employing these strategies when the "time is right," the development of policy streams and consequently their coupling can, to some extent, be influenced and steered. In other words, policy entrepreneurs can, to a degree, prepare for a window of opportunity and hence direct policy change. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T19:50:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2be40ac07fd5497dad7b3547c69cf954 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1708-3087 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T19:50:56Z |
| publishDate | 2011-12-01 |
| publisher | Resilience Alliance |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecology and Society |
| spelling | doaj.art-2be40ac07fd5497dad7b3547c69cf9542022-12-21T21:34:43ZengResilience AllianceEcology and Society1708-30872011-12-01164510.5751/ES-04315-1604054315Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water ManagementStijn Brouwer0Frank Biermann1VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)The growing awareness of the complexities and uncertainties in water management has put into question the existing paradigms in this field. Increasingly more flexible, integrated, and adaptive policies are promoted. In this context, the understanding of how to effect policy change is becoming more important. This article analyzes policy making at the micro level, focusing on the behavior of policy entrepreneurs, which we understand here as risk-taking bureaucrats who seek to change policy and are involved throughout the policy-change process. Policy entrepreneurs have received a certain level of attention in the adaptive co-management literature and the policy sciences in past decades. Yet, the understanding of the actions they can take to facilitate policy change remains limited. This study addresses this gap in focusing on the strategies that policy entrepreneurs employ in their efforts to effect policy change. The article draws on both theoretical exploration and in-depth field research on water management in the Netherlands, which included a series of semi-structured interviews and a focus group with policy entrepreneurs. We conclude that policy entrepreneurs employ four types of strategies: (1) attention and support-seeking strategies, to demonstrate the significance of a problem and to convince a wide range of participants about their preferred policy; (2) linking strategies, to link with other parties, projects, ideas, and policy games; (3) relational management strategies, to manage the relational factor in policy-change trajectories; and finally, (4) arena strategies, to influence the time and place wherein decisions are made. Our study suggests that by employing these strategies when the "time is right," the development of policy streams and consequently their coupling can, to some extent, be influenced and steered. In other words, policy entrepreneurs can, to a degree, prepare for a window of opportunity and hence direct policy change.http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss4/art5/adaptive managementpolicy changepolicy entrepreneursstrategieswater managementwindows of opportunity |
| spellingShingle | Stijn Brouwer Frank Biermann Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management Ecology and Society adaptive management policy change policy entrepreneurs strategies water management windows of opportunity |
| title | Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management |
| title_full | Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management |
| title_fullStr | Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management |
| title_short | Towards Adaptive Management: Examining the Strategies of Policy Entrepreneurs in Dutch Water Management |
| title_sort | towards adaptive management examining the strategies of policy entrepreneurs in dutch water management |
| topic | adaptive management policy change policy entrepreneurs strategies water management windows of opportunity |
| url | http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss4/art5/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stijnbrouwer towardsadaptivemanagementexaminingthestrategiesofpolicyentrepreneursindutchwatermanagement AT frankbiermann towardsadaptivemanagementexaminingthestrategiesofpolicyentrepreneursindutchwatermanagement |