Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process
Nejayote is recognized as the main by-product resulting from the nixtamalization process of maize kernels, which is categorized as an alkaline residue with a chemical composition based on carbohydrates (37.8–55.7%), fiber (22.8–25.5%), protein (4.9–7.4%), and lipids (0.4–1.5%). In addition, Nejayote...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Current Research in Food Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927121001015 |
| _version_ | 1811202222691713024 |
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| author | Elsa Díaz-Montes Roberto Castro-Muñoz |
| author_facet | Elsa Díaz-Montes Roberto Castro-Muñoz |
| author_sort | Elsa Díaz-Montes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nejayote is recognized as the main by-product resulting from the nixtamalization process of maize kernels, which is categorized as an alkaline residue with a chemical composition based on carbohydrates (37.8–55.7%), fiber (22.8–25.5%), protein (4.9–7.4%), and lipids (0.4–1.5%). In addition, Nejayote has an extensive content of simple (e.g., phenolic acids) and complex phenolic compounds (e.g., anthocyanins), which are responsible for the pigmentation and antioxidant activity of maize; therefore, there is a need of their identification depending on the type of maize. The current research has focused on the efficient extraction and identification of the phenolic acids contained in Nejayote after the processing of different types of maize. The target of this work was to fractionate Nejayote from white (NWM), red (NRM), and purple maize (NPM), using three different membranes, such as microfiltration (MF with a pore size of 1 μm) and ultrafiltration (UF100 and UF1 with a molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa and 1 kDa, respectively), which were strategically applied to extract phenolic acids while retaining other molecules. Such a membrane system exhibited a retention in the first stage of almost all carbohydrates (MF-Retentate: ca. 12–19 g GE/L), while second stage (UF100-Permeate) a concentration of phenolic components was recovered ranging from 768 to 800 mg GAE/L. Finally, in the third stage (UF1-Permeate), 14 phenolic acids were identified, including ferulic and p-coumaric acids, derived from caffeic and ferulic acids, along with other molecules (e.g., glucose and fructose). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T02:35:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c22a730faf74fd5a9e4da4a81a2172d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2665-9271 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T02:35:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Research in Food Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c22a730faf74fd5a9e4da4a81a2172d2022-12-22T03:51:34ZengElsevierCurrent Research in Food Science2665-92712022-01-015110Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane processElsa Díaz-Montes0Roberto Castro-Muñoz1Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticoman, Ciudad de México, 07340, Mexico; Corresponding author.Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdansk, Poland; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca. Av. Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo, 50110, Mexico; Corresponding author. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.Nejayote is recognized as the main by-product resulting from the nixtamalization process of maize kernels, which is categorized as an alkaline residue with a chemical composition based on carbohydrates (37.8–55.7%), fiber (22.8–25.5%), protein (4.9–7.4%), and lipids (0.4–1.5%). In addition, Nejayote has an extensive content of simple (e.g., phenolic acids) and complex phenolic compounds (e.g., anthocyanins), which are responsible for the pigmentation and antioxidant activity of maize; therefore, there is a need of their identification depending on the type of maize. The current research has focused on the efficient extraction and identification of the phenolic acids contained in Nejayote after the processing of different types of maize. The target of this work was to fractionate Nejayote from white (NWM), red (NRM), and purple maize (NPM), using three different membranes, such as microfiltration (MF with a pore size of 1 μm) and ultrafiltration (UF100 and UF1 with a molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa and 1 kDa, respectively), which were strategically applied to extract phenolic acids while retaining other molecules. Such a membrane system exhibited a retention in the first stage of almost all carbohydrates (MF-Retentate: ca. 12–19 g GE/L), while second stage (UF100-Permeate) a concentration of phenolic components was recovered ranging from 768 to 800 mg GAE/L. Finally, in the third stage (UF1-Permeate), 14 phenolic acids were identified, including ferulic and p-coumaric acids, derived from caffeic and ferulic acids, along with other molecules (e.g., glucose and fructose).http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927121001015NixtamalizationNejayoteMembrane processesCarbohydratesSugarsPhenolic fractions |
| spellingShingle | Elsa Díaz-Montes Roberto Castro-Muñoz Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process Current Research in Food Science Nixtamalization Nejayote Membrane processes Carbohydrates Sugars Phenolic fractions |
| title | Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process |
| title_full | Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process |
| title_fullStr | Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process |
| title_short | Analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from Nixtamalization wastewater (Nejayote) fractionated in a three-step membrane process |
| title_sort | analyzing the phenolic enriched fractions from nixtamalization wastewater nejayote fractionated in a three step membrane process |
| topic | Nixtamalization Nejayote Membrane processes Carbohydrates Sugars Phenolic fractions |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927121001015 |
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