Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages
The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of <i>N</i>-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/8/421 |
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| author | Jun-Jin Deng Zong-Qiu Li Ze-Quan Mo Shun Xu He-Hua Mao Dan Shi Zhi-Wei Li Xue-Ming Dan Xiao-Chun Luo |
| author_facet | Jun-Jin Deng Zong-Qiu Li Ze-Quan Mo Shun Xu He-Hua Mao Dan Shi Zhi-Wei Li Xue-Ming Dan Xiao-Chun Luo |
| author_sort | Jun-Jin Deng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of <i>N</i>-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1–6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). However, unlike COS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NACOS1 and NACOS6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:35:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c40543d95a04038a280ef636ca1aa31 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:35:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c40543d95a04038a280ef636ca1aa312023-11-20T09:51:14ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972020-08-0118842110.3390/md18080421Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 MacrophagesJun-Jin Deng0Zong-Qiu Li1Ze-Quan Mo2Shun Xu3He-Hua Mao4Dan Shi5Zhi-Wei Li6Xue-Ming Dan7Xiao-Chun Luo8School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaJoint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaSchool of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaJoint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaSchool of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaThe ongoing development of new production methods may lead to the commercialization of <i>N</i>-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (NACOS), such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). The bioactivity of NACOS, although not well detailed, differs from that of COS, as they have more acetyl groups than COS. We used two enzymatically produced NACOS with different molecular compositions and six NACOS (NACOS1–6) with a single degree of polymerization to verify their immunomodulatory effects on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. We aimed to identify any differences between COS and various NACOS with a single degree of polymerization. The results showed that NACOS had similar immune enhancement effects on RAW264.7 cells as COS, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytotic activity, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). However, unlike COS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NACOS1 and NACOS6 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. Besides their immune enhancement effects, NACOS also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response with some differences between various polymerization degrees. We confirmed that the NF-κB pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of NACOS on RAW264.7 cells. This study could inform the application of NACOS with varying different degrees of polymerization in human health.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/8/421<i>N</i>-acetyl chitooligosaccharidesmacrophageimmune enhancementanti-inflammation |
| spellingShingle | Jun-Jin Deng Zong-Qiu Li Ze-Quan Mo Shun Xu He-Hua Mao Dan Shi Zhi-Wei Li Xue-Ming Dan Xiao-Chun Luo Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages Marine Drugs <i>N</i>-acetyl chitooligosaccharides macrophage immune enhancement anti-inflammation |
| title | Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages |
| title_full | Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages |
| title_short | Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>N</i>-Acetyl Chitooligosaccharides on RAW264.7 Macrophages |
| title_sort | immunomodulatory effects of i n i acetyl chitooligosaccharides on raw264 7 macrophages |
| topic | <i>N</i>-acetyl chitooligosaccharides macrophage immune enhancement anti-inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/8/421 |
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