HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients
Abstract Characterizing HIV genetic diversity and evolution during antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir during ART. This review describes common methods used to obtain and analyze intra-patient HIV sequence data, the accumulation of div...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2018-01-01
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| Series: | Retrovirology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12977-018-0395-4 |
| _version_ | 1828765930363027456 |
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| author | Gert van Zyl Michael J. Bale Mary F. Kearney |
| author_facet | Gert van Zyl Michael J. Bale Mary F. Kearney |
| author_sort | Gert van Zyl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Characterizing HIV genetic diversity and evolution during antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir during ART. This review describes common methods used to obtain and analyze intra-patient HIV sequence data, the accumulation of diversity prior to ART and how it is affected by suppressive ART, the debate on viral replication and evolution in the presence of ART, HIV compartmentalization across various tissues, and mechanisms for the emergence of drug resistance. It also describes how CD4+ T cells that were likely infected with latent proviruses prior to initiating treatment can proliferate before and during ART, providing a renewable source of infected cells despite therapy. Some expanded cell clones carry intact and replication-competent proviruses with a small fraction of the clonal siblings being transcriptionally active and a source for residual viremia on ART. Such cells may also be the source for viral rebound after interrupting ART. The identical viral sequences observed for many years in both the plasma and infected cells of patients on long-term ART are likely due to the proliferation of infected cells both prior to and during treatment. Studies on HIV diversity may reveal targets that can be exploited in efforts to eradicate or control the infection without ART. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T06:56:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c4d1f48ac144c21abbd00d96517f916 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1742-4690 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T06:56:04Z |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Retrovirology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c4d1f48ac144c21abbd00d96517f9162022-12-22T01:16:45ZengBMCRetrovirology1742-46902018-01-0115111210.1186/s12977-018-0395-4HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patientsGert van Zyl0Michael J. Bale1Mary F. Kearney2Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS TygerbergHIV Dynamic and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at FrederickHIV Dynamic and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at FrederickAbstract Characterizing HIV genetic diversity and evolution during antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir during ART. This review describes common methods used to obtain and analyze intra-patient HIV sequence data, the accumulation of diversity prior to ART and how it is affected by suppressive ART, the debate on viral replication and evolution in the presence of ART, HIV compartmentalization across various tissues, and mechanisms for the emergence of drug resistance. It also describes how CD4+ T cells that were likely infected with latent proviruses prior to initiating treatment can proliferate before and during ART, providing a renewable source of infected cells despite therapy. Some expanded cell clones carry intact and replication-competent proviruses with a small fraction of the clonal siblings being transcriptionally active and a source for residual viremia on ART. Such cells may also be the source for viral rebound after interrupting ART. The identical viral sequences observed for many years in both the plasma and infected cells of patients on long-term ART are likely due to the proliferation of infected cells both prior to and during treatment. Studies on HIV diversity may reveal targets that can be exploited in efforts to eradicate or control the infection without ART.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12977-018-0395-4HIV diversityAntiretroviral therapy (ART)HIV geneticsHIV replicationHIV reservoirHIV persistence |
| spellingShingle | Gert van Zyl Michael J. Bale Mary F. Kearney HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients Retrovirology HIV diversity Antiretroviral therapy (ART) HIV genetics HIV replication HIV reservoir HIV persistence |
| title | HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients |
| title_full | HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients |
| title_fullStr | HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients |
| title_short | HIV evolution and diversity in ART-treated patients |
| title_sort | hiv evolution and diversity in art treated patients |
| topic | HIV diversity Antiretroviral therapy (ART) HIV genetics HIV replication HIV reservoir HIV persistence |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12977-018-0395-4 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gertvanzyl hivevolutionanddiversityinarttreatedpatients AT michaeljbale hivevolutionanddiversityinarttreatedpatients AT maryfkearney hivevolutionanddiversityinarttreatedpatients |