Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples
This study aimed to assess the occurrence of eight heavy metals in lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn.) fruit samples collected from orchards of the Dehradun and Haridwar districts in Uttarakhand, India. Lychee fruit samples were collected from ten (10) sampling locations from May to J...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/9/989 |
| _version_ | 1827725923609214976 |
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| author | Arwa A. AL-Huqail Rattan Singh Ivan Širić Pankaj Kumar Sami Abou Fayssal Vinod Kumar Rakesh Kumar Bachheti Željko Andabaka Madhumita Goala Ebrahem M. Eid |
| author_facet | Arwa A. AL-Huqail Rattan Singh Ivan Širić Pankaj Kumar Sami Abou Fayssal Vinod Kumar Rakesh Kumar Bachheti Željko Andabaka Madhumita Goala Ebrahem M. Eid |
| author_sort | Arwa A. AL-Huqail |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to assess the occurrence of eight heavy metals in lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn.) fruit samples collected from orchards of the Dehradun and Haridwar districts in Uttarakhand, India. Lychee fruit samples were collected from ten (10) sampling locations from May to June 2023 and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results showed that lychee fruit samples showed varying levels of selected heavy metals, i.e., Cd (0.009–0.095 mg/kg), Cr (0.079–0.960 mg/kg), Cu (0.095–0.258 mg/kg), Fe (0.254–0.531 mg/kg), Pb (0.000–0.011 mg/kg), Mn (0.862–1.903 mg/kg), Ni (0.166–0.310 mg/kg), and Zn (0.076–0.149 mg/kg). It was observed that lychee fruit sampling sites near urban and industrial areas had higher concentrations of heavy metals as compared to those in rural and agricultural areas. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and clustered heatmap dendrogram results showed that several sites had significant similarities in terms of heavy metal availability. Overall, the levels of all heavy metals were below the safe limits as suggested by health risk studies. The selected indices such as daily intake of metals (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) did not exceed the standard limit which indicated consumption of lychee fruit was safe at all sampling sites. The results of this study emphasize the need to regularly monitor lychee heavy metal levels and implement sustainable agricultural and environmental practices to reduce contamination sources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:41:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c4ed6f300c84c289a11e1bf4d32bf05 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:41:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c4ed6f300c84c289a11e1bf4d32bf052023-11-19T10:58:39ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-09-019998910.3390/horticulturae9090989Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit SamplesArwa A. AL-Huqail0Rattan Singh1Ivan Širić2Pankaj Kumar3Sami Abou Fayssal4Vinod Kumar5Rakesh Kumar Bachheti6Željko Andabaka7Madhumita Goala8Ebrahem M. Eid9Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Food Technology, BFIT Group of Institutions, Suddhowala 248007, IndiaFaculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaAgro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, BulgariaAgro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, IndiaDepartment of Industrial Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, EthiopiaFaculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, IndiaBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, EgyptThis study aimed to assess the occurrence of eight heavy metals in lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn.) fruit samples collected from orchards of the Dehradun and Haridwar districts in Uttarakhand, India. Lychee fruit samples were collected from ten (10) sampling locations from May to June 2023 and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results showed that lychee fruit samples showed varying levels of selected heavy metals, i.e., Cd (0.009–0.095 mg/kg), Cr (0.079–0.960 mg/kg), Cu (0.095–0.258 mg/kg), Fe (0.254–0.531 mg/kg), Pb (0.000–0.011 mg/kg), Mn (0.862–1.903 mg/kg), Ni (0.166–0.310 mg/kg), and Zn (0.076–0.149 mg/kg). It was observed that lychee fruit sampling sites near urban and industrial areas had higher concentrations of heavy metals as compared to those in rural and agricultural areas. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and clustered heatmap dendrogram results showed that several sites had significant similarities in terms of heavy metal availability. Overall, the levels of all heavy metals were below the safe limits as suggested by health risk studies. The selected indices such as daily intake of metals (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) did not exceed the standard limit which indicated consumption of lychee fruit was safe at all sampling sites. The results of this study emphasize the need to regularly monitor lychee heavy metal levels and implement sustainable agricultural and environmental practices to reduce contamination sources.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/9/989fruitsheavy metalsindustrial pollutionsafety assessmenttoxic elementsurban areas |
| spellingShingle | Arwa A. AL-Huqail Rattan Singh Ivan Širić Pankaj Kumar Sami Abou Fayssal Vinod Kumar Rakesh Kumar Bachheti Željko Andabaka Madhumita Goala Ebrahem M. Eid Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples Horticulturae fruits heavy metals industrial pollution safety assessment toxic elements urban areas |
| title | Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples |
| title_full | Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples |
| title_short | Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn., Sapindaceae) Fruit Samples |
| title_sort | occurrence and health risk assessment of heavy metals in lychee i litchi chinensis i sonn sapindaceae fruit samples |
| topic | fruits heavy metals industrial pollution safety assessment toxic elements urban areas |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/9/989 |
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