Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor
Wearable devices have been shown to play an important role in disease prevention and health management, through the multimodal acquisition of peripheral biosignals. However, many of these wearables are exposed, limiting their long-term acceptability by some user groups. To overcome this, a wearable...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/620 |
| _version_ | 1797437348734042112 |
|---|---|
| author | Afonso Fortes Ferreira Hugo Plácido da Silva Helena Alves Nuno Marques Ana Fred |
| author_facet | Afonso Fortes Ferreira Hugo Plácido da Silva Helena Alves Nuno Marques Ana Fred |
| author_sort | Afonso Fortes Ferreira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wearable devices have been shown to play an important role in disease prevention and health management, through the multimodal acquisition of peripheral biosignals. However, many of these wearables are exposed, limiting their long-term acceptability by some user groups. To overcome this, a wearable smart sock integrating a PPG sensor and an EDA sensor with textile electrodes was developed. Using the smart sock, EDA and PPG measurements at the foot/ankle were performed in test populations of 19 and 15 subjects, respectively. Both measurements were validated by simultaneously recording the same signals with a standard device at the hand. For the EDA measurements, Pearson correlations of up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.95</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were obtained for the SCL component, and a mean consensus of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>69</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for peaks detected in the two locations was obtained. As for the PPG measurements, after fine-tuning the automatic detection of systolic peaks, the index finger and ankle, accuracies of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>99.46</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>87.85</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were obtained, respectively. Moreover, an HR estimation error of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>17.40</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>14.80</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Beats-Per-Minute (BPM) was obtained. Overall, the results support the feasibility of this wearable form factor for unobtrusive EDA and PPG monitoring. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:17:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c611f50a8a6468ab18d962a5d711fc9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:17:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c611f50a8a6468ab18d962a5d711fc92023-12-01T00:24:45ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-01-0123262010.3390/s23020620Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form FactorAfonso Fortes Ferreira0Hugo Plácido da Silva1Helena Alves2Nuno Marques3Ana Fred4Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Superior Técnico (IST), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Superior Técnico (IST), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalMeia Mania Lda, Zona Industrial dos Matinhos Pav. 4/5, 3200-100 Lousã, PortugalInstituto Superior Técnico (IST), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalWearable devices have been shown to play an important role in disease prevention and health management, through the multimodal acquisition of peripheral biosignals. However, many of these wearables are exposed, limiting their long-term acceptability by some user groups. To overcome this, a wearable smart sock integrating a PPG sensor and an EDA sensor with textile electrodes was developed. Using the smart sock, EDA and PPG measurements at the foot/ankle were performed in test populations of 19 and 15 subjects, respectively. Both measurements were validated by simultaneously recording the same signals with a standard device at the hand. For the EDA measurements, Pearson correlations of up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.95</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were obtained for the SCL component, and a mean consensus of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>69</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for peaks detected in the two locations was obtained. As for the PPG measurements, after fine-tuning the automatic detection of systolic peaks, the index finger and ankle, accuracies of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>99.46</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>87.85</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> were obtained, respectively. Moreover, an HR estimation error of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>17.40</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>14.80</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Beats-Per-Minute (BPM) was obtained. Overall, the results support the feasibility of this wearable form factor for unobtrusive EDA and PPG monitoring.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/620electrodermal activitygalvanic skin responsephotoplethysmographyconductive textiles |
| spellingShingle | Afonso Fortes Ferreira Hugo Plácido da Silva Helena Alves Nuno Marques Ana Fred Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor Sensors electrodermal activity galvanic skin response photoplethysmography conductive textiles |
| title | Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor |
| title_full | Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor |
| title_fullStr | Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor |
| title_short | Feasibility of Electrodermal Activity and Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition at the Foot Using a Sock Form Factor |
| title_sort | feasibility of electrodermal activity and photoplethysmography data acquisition at the foot using a sock form factor |
| topic | electrodermal activity galvanic skin response photoplethysmography conductive textiles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/620 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT afonsofortesferreira feasibilityofelectrodermalactivityandphotoplethysmographydataacquisitionatthefootusingasockformfactor AT hugoplacidodasilva feasibilityofelectrodermalactivityandphotoplethysmographydataacquisitionatthefootusingasockformfactor AT helenaalves feasibilityofelectrodermalactivityandphotoplethysmographydataacquisitionatthefootusingasockformfactor AT nunomarques feasibilityofelectrodermalactivityandphotoplethysmographydataacquisitionatthefootusingasockformfactor AT anafred feasibilityofelectrodermalactivityandphotoplethysmographydataacquisitionatthefootusingasockformfactor |