Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins
Nowadays, in the era of growing ecological awareness, composites based on synthetic or bio-based polymers and fillers of natural origin find various potential applications. Plant-based materials are obtained using plant-derived materials, such as e.g., vegetable oil or wood fillers. Such synthesis o...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/17/3521 |
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| author | Anna Sienkiewicz Piotr Czub |
| author_facet | Anna Sienkiewicz Piotr Czub |
| author_sort | Anna Sienkiewicz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nowadays, in the era of growing ecological awareness, composites based on synthetic or bio-based polymers and fillers of natural origin find various potential applications. Plant-based materials are obtained using plant-derived materials, such as e.g., vegetable oil or wood fillers. Such synthesis of polymer composites allows for the selection of the reactants in terms of the potential requirements of the application. In the presented research polymer composites were obtained using bio-based high molecular-weight epoxy resins of hydroxylated soybean oil (SMEG) and a low-molecular-weight epoxy resin (EPR 0162) filled with the oak wood flour waste from the production of parquet flooring. To increase the poor compatibility between the highly hydrophilic wood fibers and the hydrophobic polymer matrix, waste wood flour (WF) was subjected to chemical modifications (mercerization, acetylation, and diisocyanate modification). Based on performed FT-IR and SEM analysis of wood flour, it was found that, among all performed modifications, the acetylation allows for the hydroxyl groups removal to the greatest extent. As a result of sequence synthesis including (1) the synthesis of SMEG_EPR polyaddition product, (2) the introduction of WF followed by its (3) curing with diisocyanate, obtained wood/polymer composites contain about 40% of raw materials of natural origin. As a consequence of the carried out modification of the wood waste flour, the compatibility of the filler and the bio-based polymer matrix was improved, resulting in an improvement in compressive strength by 3.51 MPa (SMEG_EPR_2% WF-10% NaOH) and 2.19 MPa (SMEG_EPR_2% A-WF) compared to samples containing unmodified wood flour. Additionally, concerning the results registered for pure SMEG_EPR composition, the introduction of 2 wt.% of wood filler resulted in a three/fourfold increase in the elongation at the break of the composition containing unmodified and chemically modified wood flour (10.99%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF; SMEG_EPR_2%WF-5%NaOH–10.36%; SMEG_EPR_2%WF-10%NaOH–9.54%, and 12.15%—SMEG_EPR_2%A-WF). Moreover, the incorporation of wood filler increased the value of the compression set of samples (2.40%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF, 2.39%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF-5%NaOH, and 2.34% for SMEG_EPR_2%WF-10%NaOH compared with 2.32%—SMEG_EPR). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:14:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c653e8e8f32460199c422c6aa9972f0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:14:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c653e8e8f32460199c422c6aa9972f02023-11-19T08:42:49ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-08-011517352110.3390/polym15173521Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy ResinsAnna Sienkiewicz0Piotr Czub1Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Str. 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandDepartment of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Str. 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandNowadays, in the era of growing ecological awareness, composites based on synthetic or bio-based polymers and fillers of natural origin find various potential applications. Plant-based materials are obtained using plant-derived materials, such as e.g., vegetable oil or wood fillers. Such synthesis of polymer composites allows for the selection of the reactants in terms of the potential requirements of the application. In the presented research polymer composites were obtained using bio-based high molecular-weight epoxy resins of hydroxylated soybean oil (SMEG) and a low-molecular-weight epoxy resin (EPR 0162) filled with the oak wood flour waste from the production of parquet flooring. To increase the poor compatibility between the highly hydrophilic wood fibers and the hydrophobic polymer matrix, waste wood flour (WF) was subjected to chemical modifications (mercerization, acetylation, and diisocyanate modification). Based on performed FT-IR and SEM analysis of wood flour, it was found that, among all performed modifications, the acetylation allows for the hydroxyl groups removal to the greatest extent. As a result of sequence synthesis including (1) the synthesis of SMEG_EPR polyaddition product, (2) the introduction of WF followed by its (3) curing with diisocyanate, obtained wood/polymer composites contain about 40% of raw materials of natural origin. As a consequence of the carried out modification of the wood waste flour, the compatibility of the filler and the bio-based polymer matrix was improved, resulting in an improvement in compressive strength by 3.51 MPa (SMEG_EPR_2% WF-10% NaOH) and 2.19 MPa (SMEG_EPR_2% A-WF) compared to samples containing unmodified wood flour. Additionally, concerning the results registered for pure SMEG_EPR composition, the introduction of 2 wt.% of wood filler resulted in a three/fourfold increase in the elongation at the break of the composition containing unmodified and chemically modified wood flour (10.99%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF; SMEG_EPR_2%WF-5%NaOH–10.36%; SMEG_EPR_2%WF-10%NaOH–9.54%, and 12.15%—SMEG_EPR_2%A-WF). Moreover, the incorporation of wood filler increased the value of the compression set of samples (2.40%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF, 2.39%—SMEG_EPR_2%WF-5%NaOH, and 2.34% for SMEG_EPR_2%WF-10%NaOH compared with 2.32%—SMEG_EPR).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/17/3521epoxy resinmodified soybean oilwood/polymer compositevegetable oil modificationoak wood flour wasteepoxy fusion process |
| spellingShingle | Anna Sienkiewicz Piotr Czub Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins Polymers epoxy resin modified soybean oil wood/polymer composite vegetable oil modification oak wood flour waste epoxy fusion process |
| title | Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins |
| title_full | Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins |
| title_fullStr | Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins |
| title_short | Functional Management of Waste Wood Flour as an Example of a ‘Greener’ Approach towards the Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins |
| title_sort | functional management of waste wood flour as an example of a greener approach towards the synthesis of bio based epoxy resins |
| topic | epoxy resin modified soybean oil wood/polymer composite vegetable oil modification oak wood flour waste epoxy fusion process |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/17/3521 |
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