Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are among the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions affecting global warming and the Earth’s climate. In Bulgaria, 53 regional non-hazardous waste landfills (RNHWL) are in operation, which necessitates conducting studies to determine the environmental...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/7/1089 |
| _version_ | 1797590282776084480 |
|---|---|
| author | Daniela Borisova Gergana Kostadinova Georgi Petkov Lilko Dospatliev Miroslava Ivanova Diyana Dermendzhieva Georgi Beev |
| author_facet | Daniela Borisova Gergana Kostadinova Georgi Petkov Lilko Dospatliev Miroslava Ivanova Diyana Dermendzhieva Georgi Beev |
| author_sort | Daniela Borisova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are among the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions affecting global warming and the Earth’s climate. In Bulgaria, 53 regional non-hazardous waste landfills (RNHWL) are in operation, which necessitates conducting studies to determine the environmental risk from the emitted GHGs. This study attempted to assess the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from three gas wells of a cell (in active and closed phases, each of 2.5 years duration) in an RNHWL, Harmanli (41°54′24.29″ N; 25°53′45.17″ E), based on monthly in situ measurements by portable equipment, using the Interrupted Time Series (ITS) ARMA model. The obtained results showed a significant variation of the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (2.06–15.1% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) and of the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates (172.81–1762.76 kg/y) by gas wells (GWs), months and years, indicating the dynamics of the biodegradation of the deposited waste in the areas of the three GWs. Throughout most of the monitoring period (2018–2022), the CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations were higher than the CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were lower than CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (kg/y), a fact that could be explained by the differences in the mass of the two gases. The emissions rates of both gases from GW2 dominated over those from GW1 and GW3, giving a reason to determine the zone of GW2 as a hotspot of Cell-1. On the whole, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates were higher in the winter (December–February) and partly in the spring (March–May) compared to summer–autumn (June–November). However, the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and emissions decreased drastically after the Cell-1 closure. The CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (0.68–2.01) by months and gas wells demonstrated a great sensitivity, making it a suitable indicator for the assessment of organic waste biodegradation level in the landfills. The ITS ARMA model confirmed the negative and significant effect of the cell closure on CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions; the correlations found between predicted and observed values were strong and positive (0.739–0.896). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:19:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c69e03ff5ae46e9b5ccbee50d4a5ba0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:19:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c69e03ff5ae46e9b5ccbee50d4a5ba02023-11-18T18:15:21ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-06-01147108910.3390/atmos14071089Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA ModelDaniela Borisova0Gergana Kostadinova1Georgi Petkov2Lilko Dospatliev3Miroslava Ivanova4Diyana Dermendzhieva5Georgi Beev6Ekoresurs Harmanli Ltd., 6450 Harmanli, BulgariaDepartment of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Informatics and Mathematics, Faculty of Economics, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Physics, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaMunicipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are among the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions affecting global warming and the Earth’s climate. In Bulgaria, 53 regional non-hazardous waste landfills (RNHWL) are in operation, which necessitates conducting studies to determine the environmental risk from the emitted GHGs. This study attempted to assess the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from three gas wells of a cell (in active and closed phases, each of 2.5 years duration) in an RNHWL, Harmanli (41°54′24.29″ N; 25°53′45.17″ E), based on monthly in situ measurements by portable equipment, using the Interrupted Time Series (ITS) ARMA model. The obtained results showed a significant variation of the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (2.06–15.1% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) and of the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates (172.81–1762.76 kg/y) by gas wells (GWs), months and years, indicating the dynamics of the biodegradation of the deposited waste in the areas of the three GWs. Throughout most of the monitoring period (2018–2022), the CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations were higher than the CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were lower than CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (kg/y), a fact that could be explained by the differences in the mass of the two gases. The emissions rates of both gases from GW2 dominated over those from GW1 and GW3, giving a reason to determine the zone of GW2 as a hotspot of Cell-1. On the whole, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates were higher in the winter (December–February) and partly in the spring (March–May) compared to summer–autumn (June–November). However, the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and emissions decreased drastically after the Cell-1 closure. The CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (0.68–2.01) by months and gas wells demonstrated a great sensitivity, making it a suitable indicator for the assessment of organic waste biodegradation level in the landfills. The ITS ARMA model confirmed the negative and significant effect of the cell closure on CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions; the correlations found between predicted and observed values were strong and positive (0.739–0.896).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/7/1089landfill cellgas collection systemgas wellsCH<sub>4</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>concentrations |
| spellingShingle | Daniela Borisova Gergana Kostadinova Georgi Petkov Lilko Dospatliev Miroslava Ivanova Diyana Dermendzhieva Georgi Beev Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model Atmosphere landfill cell gas collection system gas wells CH<sub>4</sub> CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations |
| title | Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model |
| title_full | Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model |
| title_short | Assessment of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from a Gas Collection System of a Regional Non-Hazardous Waste Landfill, Harmanli, Bulgaria, Using the Interrupted Time Series ARMA Model |
| title_sort | assessment of ch sub 4 sub and co sub 2 sub emissions from a gas collection system of a regional non hazardous waste landfill harmanli bulgaria using the interrupted time series arma model |
| topic | landfill cell gas collection system gas wells CH<sub>4</sub> CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/7/1089 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT danielaborisova assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel AT gerganakostadinova assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel AT georgipetkov assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel AT lilkodospatliev assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel AT miroslavaivanova assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel AT diyanadermendzhieva assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel AT georgibeev assessmentofchsub4subandcosub2subemissionsfromagascollectionsystemofaregionalnonhazardouswastelandfillharmanlibulgariausingtheinterruptedtimeseriesarmamodel |