Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell
We analyze 700 freshly-laid eggs from 58 species (22 families and 13 orders) across three orders of magnitude in egg mass. We study the elastic moduli using three metrics: (i) effective Young’s modulus, <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>, by a combined experimental and numerical method;...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-09-01
|
| Series: | Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/10/989 |
| _version_ | 1797515274638852096 |
|---|---|
| author | Pei-Lin Chiang Yu-Chien Tseng Hsiao-Jou Wu Shu-Han Tsao Shang-Ping Wu Wei-Cheng Wang Hsin-I Hsieh Jia-Yang Juang |
| author_facet | Pei-Lin Chiang Yu-Chien Tseng Hsiao-Jou Wu Shu-Han Tsao Shang-Ping Wu Wei-Cheng Wang Hsin-I Hsieh Jia-Yang Juang |
| author_sort | Pei-Lin Chiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We analyze 700 freshly-laid eggs from 58 species (22 families and 13 orders) across three orders of magnitude in egg mass. We study the elastic moduli using three metrics: (i) effective Young’s modulus, <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>, by a combined experimental and numerical method; (ii) elastic modulus, <i>E</i><sub>nano</sub>, by nanoindentation, and (iii) theoretical Young’s modulus, <i>E</i><sub>theory</sub>. We measure the mineral content by acid-base titration, and crystallographic characteristics by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), on representative species. We find that the mineral content ranges between 83.1% (Zebra finch) and 96.5% (ostrich) and is positively correlated with <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>—23.28 GPa (Zebra finch) and 47.76 GPa (ostrich). The EBSD shows that eggshell is anisotropic and non-homogeneous, and different species have different degrees of crystal orientation and texture. Ostrich eggshell exhibits strong texture in the thickness direction, whereas chicken eggshell has little. Such anisotropy and inhomogeneity are consistent with the nanoindentation tests. However, the crystal characteristics do not appear to correlate with <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>, as <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub> represents an overall “average” elasticity of the entire shell. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical prediction of linear elasticity. Our comprehensive investigation into the elastic moduli of avian eggshell over broad taxonomic scales provides a useful dataset for those who work on avian reproduction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:43:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c6c24db1bf14014bb0b8420a9601f6a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:43:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c6c24db1bf14014bb0b8420a9601f6a2023-11-22T17:28:02ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372021-09-01101098910.3390/biology10100989Elastic Moduli of Avian EggshellPei-Lin Chiang0Yu-Chien Tseng1Hsiao-Jou Wu2Shu-Han Tsao3Shang-Ping Wu4Wei-Cheng Wang5Hsin-I Hsieh6Jia-Yang Juang7Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, TaiwanTaipei Zoo, Taipei 11656, TaiwanTaipei Zoo, Taipei 11656, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, TaiwanWe analyze 700 freshly-laid eggs from 58 species (22 families and 13 orders) across three orders of magnitude in egg mass. We study the elastic moduli using three metrics: (i) effective Young’s modulus, <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>, by a combined experimental and numerical method; (ii) elastic modulus, <i>E</i><sub>nano</sub>, by nanoindentation, and (iii) theoretical Young’s modulus, <i>E</i><sub>theory</sub>. We measure the mineral content by acid-base titration, and crystallographic characteristics by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), on representative species. We find that the mineral content ranges between 83.1% (Zebra finch) and 96.5% (ostrich) and is positively correlated with <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>—23.28 GPa (Zebra finch) and 47.76 GPa (ostrich). The EBSD shows that eggshell is anisotropic and non-homogeneous, and different species have different degrees of crystal orientation and texture. Ostrich eggshell exhibits strong texture in the thickness direction, whereas chicken eggshell has little. Such anisotropy and inhomogeneity are consistent with the nanoindentation tests. However, the crystal characteristics do not appear to correlate with <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub>, as <i>E</i><sub>FEM</sub> represents an overall “average” elasticity of the entire shell. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical prediction of linear elasticity. Our comprehensive investigation into the elastic moduli of avian eggshell over broad taxonomic scales provides a useful dataset for those who work on avian reproduction.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/10/989avian eggshellmechanical propertiesnanoindentationtexturemicrostructureelectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) |
| spellingShingle | Pei-Lin Chiang Yu-Chien Tseng Hsiao-Jou Wu Shu-Han Tsao Shang-Ping Wu Wei-Cheng Wang Hsin-I Hsieh Jia-Yang Juang Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell Biology avian eggshell mechanical properties nanoindentation texture microstructure electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) |
| title | Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell |
| title_full | Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell |
| title_fullStr | Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell |
| title_short | Elastic Moduli of Avian Eggshell |
| title_sort | elastic moduli of avian eggshell |
| topic | avian eggshell mechanical properties nanoindentation texture microstructure electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/10/989 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT peilinchiang elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT yuchientseng elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT hsiaojouwu elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT shuhantsao elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT shangpingwu elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT weichengwang elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT hsinihsieh elasticmoduliofavianeggshell AT jiayangjuang elasticmoduliofavianeggshell |