Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization
Two-photon polymerization (2PP), which is a three-dimensional micro/nano-scale additive manufacturing process, is used to fabricate component for small custom experimental packages (“targets”) to support laser-driven, high-energy-density physics research. Of particular interest i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-07-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/8/7/498 |
| _version_ | 1811238495627247616 |
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| author | Ying Liu John H. Campbell Ori Stein Lijia Jiang Jared Hund Yongfeng Lu |
| author_facet | Ying Liu John H. Campbell Ori Stein Lijia Jiang Jared Hund Yongfeng Lu |
| author_sort | Ying Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Two-photon polymerization (2PP), which is a three-dimensional micro/nano-scale additive manufacturing process, is used to fabricate component for small custom experimental packages (“targets”) to support laser-driven, high-energy-density physics research. Of particular interest is the use of 2PP to deterministically print millimeter-scale, low-density, and low atomic number (CHO) polymer matrices (“foams”). Deformation during development and drying of the foam structures remains a challenge when using certain commercial acrylic photo-resins. Acrylic resins were chosen in order to meet the low atomic number requirement for the foam; that requirement precludes the use of low-shrinkage organic/inorganic hybrid resins. Here, we compare the use of acrylic resins IP-S and IP-Dip. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are used to quantify the extent of the polymerization during 2PP vs. UV curing. The mechanical strength of beam and foam structures is examined, particularly the degree of deformation that occurs during the development and drying processes. The magnitude of the shrinkage is quantified, and finite element analysis is used in order to simulate the resulting deformation. Capillary drying forces during development are shown to be small and are likely below the elastic limit of the foam log-pile structures. In contrast, the substantial shrinkage in IP-Dip (~5–10%) causes large shear stresses and associated plastic deformation, particularly near constrained boundaries and locations with sharp density transitions. Use of IP-S with an improved writing procedure results in a marked reduction in deformation with a minor loss of resolution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T12:42:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c73b707229e4a6292656cf1ed2f000b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T12:42:33Z |
| publishDate | 2018-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c73b707229e4a6292656cf1ed2f000b2022-12-22T03:32:43ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912018-07-018749810.3390/nano8070498nano8070498Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon PolymerizationYing Liu0John H. Campbell1Ori Stein2Lijia Jiang3Jared Hund4Yongfeng Lu5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511, USAMaterial Science Solutions, 2136 Westbrook Lane, Livermore, CA 94550, USASchafer Livermore Lab, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511, USASchafer Livermore Lab, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511, USATwo-photon polymerization (2PP), which is a three-dimensional micro/nano-scale additive manufacturing process, is used to fabricate component for small custom experimental packages (“targets”) to support laser-driven, high-energy-density physics research. Of particular interest is the use of 2PP to deterministically print millimeter-scale, low-density, and low atomic number (CHO) polymer matrices (“foams”). Deformation during development and drying of the foam structures remains a challenge when using certain commercial acrylic photo-resins. Acrylic resins were chosen in order to meet the low atomic number requirement for the foam; that requirement precludes the use of low-shrinkage organic/inorganic hybrid resins. Here, we compare the use of acrylic resins IP-S and IP-Dip. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are used to quantify the extent of the polymerization during 2PP vs. UV curing. The mechanical strength of beam and foam structures is examined, particularly the degree of deformation that occurs during the development and drying processes. The magnitude of the shrinkage is quantified, and finite element analysis is used in order to simulate the resulting deformation. Capillary drying forces during development are shown to be small and are likely below the elastic limit of the foam log-pile structures. In contrast, the substantial shrinkage in IP-Dip (~5–10%) causes large shear stresses and associated plastic deformation, particularly near constrained boundaries and locations with sharp density transitions. Use of IP-S with an improved writing procedure results in a marked reduction in deformation with a minor loss of resolution.http://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/8/7/498two-photon polymerizationlow-density foam structureslaser targetsstructure deformationacrylate resinRaman microspectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Ying Liu John H. Campbell Ori Stein Lijia Jiang Jared Hund Yongfeng Lu Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization Nanomaterials two-photon polymerization low-density foam structures laser targets structure deformation acrylate resin Raman microspectroscopy |
| title | Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization |
| title_full | Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization |
| title_fullStr | Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization |
| title_short | Deformation Behavior of Foam Laser Targets Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization |
| title_sort | deformation behavior of foam laser targets fabricated by two photon polymerization |
| topic | two-photon polymerization low-density foam structures laser targets structure deformation acrylate resin Raman microspectroscopy |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/8/7/498 |
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