Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections
In all mammals, the circulating pool of MLTs is synthesized in the pineal gland during the night’s darkness hours. Its main function is synchronizing the organism in the photoperiod. In contrast, extra-pineal MLT is synthesized in peripheral organs, does not follow any circadian rhythm or circulate,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/3/356 |
| _version_ | 1797241848700338176 |
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| author | Georges J. M. Maestroni |
| author_facet | Georges J. M. Maestroni |
| author_sort | Georges J. M. Maestroni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In all mammals, the circulating pool of MLTs is synthesized in the pineal gland during the night’s darkness hours. Its main function is synchronizing the organism in the photoperiod. In contrast, extra-pineal MLT is synthesized in peripheral organs, does not follow any circadian rhythm or circulate, and plays a detoxifying and cytoprotective role. Circulating MLT may stimulate both innate and acquired immune responses through its circadian action and by activating high-affinity receptors on immunocompetent cells. Extra-pineal MLT may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that dampen the innate immune response. These two seemingly divergent roles may be considered to be two sides of the same coin. In fact, the integration of both circulating and extra-pineal MLT functions might generate a balanced and effective immune response against microbial pathogens. The studies described in this review investigated the effects of exogenous MLT in various models of infectious diseases using extremely different doses and treatment schedules. None of them evaluated the possibility of integrating the non-circadian anti-inflammatory effect with the circadian immunoenhancing action of MLT. As a consequence, in spite of the fact that most studies agree that MLT has a beneficial effect against infections, it seems difficult to draw any definite conclusion about its possible therapeutic use. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:29:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c751241a5bb4aab9a4b05bfe3faa2b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:29:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c751241a5bb4aab9a4b05bfe3faa2b82024-03-27T13:28:02ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2024-03-0114335610.3390/biom14030356Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic InfectionsGeorges J. M. Maestroni0Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, ItalyIn all mammals, the circulating pool of MLTs is synthesized in the pineal gland during the night’s darkness hours. Its main function is synchronizing the organism in the photoperiod. In contrast, extra-pineal MLT is synthesized in peripheral organs, does not follow any circadian rhythm or circulate, and plays a detoxifying and cytoprotective role. Circulating MLT may stimulate both innate and acquired immune responses through its circadian action and by activating high-affinity receptors on immunocompetent cells. Extra-pineal MLT may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that dampen the innate immune response. These two seemingly divergent roles may be considered to be two sides of the same coin. In fact, the integration of both circulating and extra-pineal MLT functions might generate a balanced and effective immune response against microbial pathogens. The studies described in this review investigated the effects of exogenous MLT in various models of infectious diseases using extremely different doses and treatment schedules. None of them evaluated the possibility of integrating the non-circadian anti-inflammatory effect with the circadian immunoenhancing action of MLT. As a consequence, in spite of the fact that most studies agree that MLT has a beneficial effect against infections, it seems difficult to draw any definite conclusion about its possible therapeutic use.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/3/356melatonincircadian rhythmimmunomodulationanti-inflammatory effectcytokine storminfection |
| spellingShingle | Georges J. M. Maestroni Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections Biomolecules melatonin circadian rhythm immunomodulation anti-inflammatory effect cytokine storm infection |
| title | Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections |
| title_full | Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections |
| title_fullStr | Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections |
| title_short | Role of Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections |
| title_sort | role of melatonin in viral bacterial and parasitic infections |
| topic | melatonin circadian rhythm immunomodulation anti-inflammatory effect cytokine storm infection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/3/356 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT georgesjmmaestroni roleofmelatonininviralbacterialandparasiticinfections |