The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review
<i>Salmonella enterica</i> (<i>S. enterica</i>) serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are the main causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This Gram-negative rods bacterium possesses several virulence factors that enable it to survive the host’s nutritional immunity. To...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Microbiology Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/14/3/99 |
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| author | Yehya Mohsen Nathalie Tarchichi Rana Barakat Inas Kawtharani Rayane Ghandour Zeinab Ezzeddine Ghassan Ghssein |
| author_facet | Yehya Mohsen Nathalie Tarchichi Rana Barakat Inas Kawtharani Rayane Ghandour Zeinab Ezzeddine Ghassan Ghssein |
| author_sort | Yehya Mohsen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (<i>S. enterica</i>) serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are the main causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This Gram-negative rods bacterium possesses several virulence factors that enable it to survive the host’s nutritional immunity. Toxins and metallophores are among these factors. Heavy metals, in particular, are essential for the survival of all living organisms including bacteria. During infection, <i>S. enterica</i> competes with the host for the available heavy metals by secreting metallophores, which are secondary metabolites. Once produced in the extracellular medium, metallophores complex heavy metals thus allowing <i>Salmonella</i> to acquire metal ions through importing them via channels embedded in their membranes. This review highlights the biosynthesis, export, import, and genetic regulation of different metallophores synthesized by this germ. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:27:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2cb56a2e16fb4dcfac353d0172dec281 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2036-7481 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:27:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiology Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-2cb56a2e16fb4dcfac353d0172dec2812023-11-19T11:58:41ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812023-09-011431457146910.3390/microbiolres14030099The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A ReviewYehya Mohsen0Nathalie Tarchichi1Rana Barakat2Inas Kawtharani3Rayane Ghandour4Zeinab Ezzeddine5Ghassan Ghssein6Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Health and Medical Technologies, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Nasiriyah 64001, IraqFaculty of Pedagogy I, Lebanese University, Unesco, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, LebanonLaboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, LebanonLaboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, LebanonLaboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, LebanonLaboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, LebanonLaboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon<i>Salmonella enterica</i> (<i>S. enterica</i>) serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are the main causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This Gram-negative rods bacterium possesses several virulence factors that enable it to survive the host’s nutritional immunity. Toxins and metallophores are among these factors. Heavy metals, in particular, are essential for the survival of all living organisms including bacteria. During infection, <i>S. enterica</i> competes with the host for the available heavy metals by secreting metallophores, which are secondary metabolites. Once produced in the extracellular medium, metallophores complex heavy metals thus allowing <i>Salmonella</i> to acquire metal ions through importing them via channels embedded in their membranes. This review highlights the biosynthesis, export, import, and genetic regulation of different metallophores synthesized by this germ.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/14/3/99<i>Salmonella enterica</i>bacterial gastroenteritismetallophoresheavy metalsbiosynthesis |
| spellingShingle | Yehya Mohsen Nathalie Tarchichi Rana Barakat Inas Kawtharani Rayane Ghandour Zeinab Ezzeddine Ghassan Ghssein The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review Microbiology Research <i>Salmonella enterica</i> bacterial gastroenteritis metallophores heavy metals biosynthesis |
| title | The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review |
| title_full | The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review |
| title_fullStr | The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review |
| title_short | The Different Types of Metallophores Produced by <i>Salmonella enterica</i>: A Review |
| title_sort | different types of metallophores produced by i salmonella enterica i a review |
| topic | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> bacterial gastroenteritis metallophores heavy metals biosynthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/14/3/99 |
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