A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure
Energy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO<sub>2</sub> production, VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min), and/or O<sub>2</sub> consumption, VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the r...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1355 |
| _version_ | 1827652848378183680 |
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| author | Mark Sprowls Shaun Victor Sabrina Jimena Mora Oscar Osorio Gabriel Pyznar Hugo Destaillats Courtney Wheatley-Guy Bruce Johnson Doina Kulick Erica Forzani |
| author_facet | Mark Sprowls Shaun Victor Sabrina Jimena Mora Oscar Osorio Gabriel Pyznar Hugo Destaillats Courtney Wheatley-Guy Bruce Johnson Doina Kulick Erica Forzani |
| author_sort | Mark Sprowls |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Energy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO<sub>2</sub> production, VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min), and/or O<sub>2</sub> consumption, VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the requirement of wearable facial accessories. A novel system, the Smart Pad, which measures EE via VCO<sub>2</sub> from a room’s ambient CO<sub>2</sub> concentration transients was evaluated. Resting EE (REE) and exercise VCO<sub>2</sub> measurements were recorded using Smart Pad and a reference instrument to study measurement duration’s influence on accuracy. The Smart Pad displayed 90% accuracy (±1 SD) for 14–19 min of REE measurement and for 4.8–7.0 min of exercise, using known room’s air exchange rate. Additionally, the Smart Pad was validated measuring subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI = 18.8 to 31.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), successfully validating the system accuracy across REE’s measures of ~1200 to ~3000 kcal/day. Furthermore, high correlation between subjects’ VCO<sub>2</sub> and λ for CO<sub>2</sub> accumulation was observed (<i>p</i> < 0.00001, R = 0.785) in a 14.0 m<sup>3</sup> sized room. This finding led to development of a new model for REE measurement from ambient CO<sub>2</sub> without λ calibration using a reference instrument. The model correlated in nearly 100% agreement with reference instrument measures (<i>y</i> = 1.06<i>x</i>, R = 0.937) using an independent dataset (N = 56). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:06:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2cd6611d0b834b19b142f7d40ef3c219 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:06:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-2cd6611d0b834b19b142f7d40ef3c2192023-11-23T21:58:18ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-02-01224135510.3390/s22041355A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy ExpenditureMark Sprowls0Shaun Victor1Sabrina Jimena Mora2Oscar Osorio3Gabriel Pyznar4Hugo Destaillats5Courtney Wheatley-Guy6Bruce Johnson7Doina Kulick8Erica Forzani9School of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USASchool of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USACenter for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USACenter for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USACenter for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAIndoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAMayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85289, USAMayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85289, USAMayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85289, USASchool of Engineering for Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USAEnergy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO<sub>2</sub> production, VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min), and/or O<sub>2</sub> consumption, VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the requirement of wearable facial accessories. A novel system, the Smart Pad, which measures EE via VCO<sub>2</sub> from a room’s ambient CO<sub>2</sub> concentration transients was evaluated. Resting EE (REE) and exercise VCO<sub>2</sub> measurements were recorded using Smart Pad and a reference instrument to study measurement duration’s influence on accuracy. The Smart Pad displayed 90% accuracy (±1 SD) for 14–19 min of REE measurement and for 4.8–7.0 min of exercise, using known room’s air exchange rate. Additionally, the Smart Pad was validated measuring subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI = 18.8 to 31.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), successfully validating the system accuracy across REE’s measures of ~1200 to ~3000 kcal/day. Furthermore, high correlation between subjects’ VCO<sub>2</sub> and λ for CO<sub>2</sub> accumulation was observed (<i>p</i> < 0.00001, R = 0.785) in a 14.0 m<sup>3</sup> sized room. This finding led to development of a new model for REE measurement from ambient CO<sub>2</sub> without λ calibration using a reference instrument. The model correlated in nearly 100% agreement with reference instrument measures (<i>y</i> = 1.06<i>x</i>, R = 0.937) using an independent dataset (N = 56).https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1355smart homepoint of caremetabolic rateambient biometricsInternet of Things (IoT)digital medicine |
| spellingShingle | Mark Sprowls Shaun Victor Sabrina Jimena Mora Oscar Osorio Gabriel Pyznar Hugo Destaillats Courtney Wheatley-Guy Bruce Johnson Doina Kulick Erica Forzani A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure Sensors smart home point of care metabolic rate ambient biometrics Internet of Things (IoT) digital medicine |
| title | A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure |
| title_full | A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure |
| title_fullStr | A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure |
| title_short | A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure |
| title_sort | smart system for the contactless measurement of energy expenditure |
| topic | smart home point of care metabolic rate ambient biometrics Internet of Things (IoT) digital medicine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1355 |
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