Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts
Bean and tuber extracts of Tylosema esculentum (marama) - an African creeping plant - were obtained using ethanol, methanol and water. Based on information that T. esculentum is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, the antibacterial and anticandidal effects of tuber and bean e...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Academy of Science of South Africa
2011-03-01
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| Series: | South African Journal of Science |
| Online Access: | http://192.168.0.121/index.php/sajs/article/view/9866 |
| _version_ | 1798028049312120832 |
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| author | Walter Chingwaru Gyebi Duodu Yolandi van Zyl C.J. Schoeman Runner Majinda Sam Yeboah Jose Jackson Petrina Kapewangolo Martha Kandawa-Schulz Amanda Minnaar Avrelija Cencic |
| author_facet | Walter Chingwaru Gyebi Duodu Yolandi van Zyl C.J. Schoeman Runner Majinda Sam Yeboah Jose Jackson Petrina Kapewangolo Martha Kandawa-Schulz Amanda Minnaar Avrelija Cencic |
| author_sort | Walter Chingwaru |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bean and tuber extracts of Tylosema esculentum (marama) - an African creeping plant - were obtained using ethanol, methanol and water. Based on information that T. esculentum is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, the antibacterial and anticandidal effects of tuber and bean extracts were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 6538), Mycobacterium terrae (ATCC 15755), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (clinical) and Candida albicans (ATCC 2091). We performed the broth microdilution test for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a method to determine survival of microorganisms after in vitro co-incubation with the highest concentrations of T. esculentum extracts, followed by assessment of colony counts. Ethanol and methanol (phenolic) bean extracts exhibited higher potency against bacteria and yeast than aqueous extracts. Marama bean seed coat crude ethanolic extract (MSCE) and seed coat polyphenolic fractions, especially soluble-bound fraction (MSCIB), were highly antimicrobial against M. terrae, C. diphtheriae and C. albicans. All marama bean polyphenolic fractions, namely cotyledon acidified methanol fraction (MCAM), seed coat acidified methanol fraction (MSCAM), cotyledon insoluble-bound fraction (MCIB), seed coat insoluble-bound fraction (MSCIB), cotyledon-free polyphenolic fraction (MCFP) and seed coat free polyphenolic fraction (MSCFP) had high antimicrobial effects as shown by low respective MIC values between 0.1 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. These MIC values were comparable to those of control antimicrobials used: amphotericin B (0.5 mg/mL) and cesfulodin (0.1 mg/mL) against C. diphtheriae, streptomycin (1.0 mg/mL) and gentamicin (0.4 mg/mL) against M. terrae, and amphotericin B (0.05 mg/mL) against C. albicans. Marama seed coat soluble-esterified fraction (MSCS) had closer activity to that of cefsulodin against M. terrae. High amounts of phenolic substances, such as gallic acid, especially in the seed coats, as well as high amounts of phytosterols, lignans, certain fatty acids and peptides (specifically protease inhibitors) in the cotyledons contributed to the observed antibacterial and anticandidal activities. Marama extracts, especially phenolic and crude seed coat extracts, had high multi-species antibacterial and anticandidal activities at concentrations comparable to that of some conventional drugs; these extracts have potential use as microbicides. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T19:01:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2cee37f1db33430a9460683345b1bbe9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-7489 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T19:01:31Z |
| publishDate | 2011-03-01 |
| publisher | Academy of Science of South Africa |
| record_format | Article |
| series | South African Journal of Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-2cee37f1db33430a9460683345b1bbe92022-12-22T04:08:00ZengAcademy of Science of South AfricaSouth African Journal of Science1996-74892011-03-011073/4Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extractsWalter Chingwaru0Gyebi Duodu1Yolandi van Zyl2C.J. Schoeman3Runner Majinda4Sam Yeboah5Jose Jackson6Petrina Kapewangolo7Martha Kandawa-Schulz8Amanda Minnaar9Avrelija Cencic10University of MariborUniversity of PretoriaUniversity of PretoriaUniversity of PretoriaUniversity of BotswanaUniversity of BotswanaUniversity of BotswanaUniversity of NamibiaUniversity of NamibiaUniversity of PretoriaUniversity of MariborBean and tuber extracts of Tylosema esculentum (marama) - an African creeping plant - were obtained using ethanol, methanol and water. Based on information that T. esculentum is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, the antibacterial and anticandidal effects of tuber and bean extracts were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 6538), Mycobacterium terrae (ATCC 15755), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (clinical) and Candida albicans (ATCC 2091). We performed the broth microdilution test for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a method to determine survival of microorganisms after in vitro co-incubation with the highest concentrations of T. esculentum extracts, followed by assessment of colony counts. Ethanol and methanol (phenolic) bean extracts exhibited higher potency against bacteria and yeast than aqueous extracts. Marama bean seed coat crude ethanolic extract (MSCE) and seed coat polyphenolic fractions, especially soluble-bound fraction (MSCIB), were highly antimicrobial against M. terrae, C. diphtheriae and C. albicans. All marama bean polyphenolic fractions, namely cotyledon acidified methanol fraction (MCAM), seed coat acidified methanol fraction (MSCAM), cotyledon insoluble-bound fraction (MCIB), seed coat insoluble-bound fraction (MSCIB), cotyledon-free polyphenolic fraction (MCFP) and seed coat free polyphenolic fraction (MSCFP) had high antimicrobial effects as shown by low respective MIC values between 0.1 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. These MIC values were comparable to those of control antimicrobials used: amphotericin B (0.5 mg/mL) and cesfulodin (0.1 mg/mL) against C. diphtheriae, streptomycin (1.0 mg/mL) and gentamicin (0.4 mg/mL) against M. terrae, and amphotericin B (0.05 mg/mL) against C. albicans. Marama seed coat soluble-esterified fraction (MSCS) had closer activity to that of cefsulodin against M. terrae. High amounts of phenolic substances, such as gallic acid, especially in the seed coats, as well as high amounts of phytosterols, lignans, certain fatty acids and peptides (specifically protease inhibitors) in the cotyledons contributed to the observed antibacterial and anticandidal activities. Marama extracts, especially phenolic and crude seed coat extracts, had high multi-species antibacterial and anticandidal activities at concentrations comparable to that of some conventional drugs; these extracts have potential use as microbicides.http://192.168.0.121/index.php/sajs/article/view/9866 |
| spellingShingle | Walter Chingwaru Gyebi Duodu Yolandi van Zyl C.J. Schoeman Runner Majinda Sam Yeboah Jose Jackson Petrina Kapewangolo Martha Kandawa-Schulz Amanda Minnaar Avrelija Cencic Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts South African Journal of Science |
| title | Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts |
| title_full | Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts |
| title_fullStr | Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts |
| title_short | Antibacterial and anticandidal activity of Tylosema esculentum (marama) extracts |
| title_sort | antibacterial and anticandidal activity of tylosema esculentum marama extracts |
| url | http://192.168.0.121/index.php/sajs/article/view/9866 |
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