Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System
Alphaherpesviruses are pathogens that invade the nervous systems of their mammalian hosts. Directional spread of infection in the nervous system is a key component of the viral lifecycle and is critical for the onset of alphaherpesvirus-related diseases. Many alphaherpesvirus infections originate at...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2013-02-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/2/678 |
| _version_ | 1811325405086351360 |
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| author | Lynn W. Enquist Tal Kramer |
| author_facet | Lynn W. Enquist Tal Kramer |
| author_sort | Lynn W. Enquist |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alphaherpesviruses are pathogens that invade the nervous systems of their mammalian hosts. Directional spread of infection in the nervous system is a key component of the viral lifecycle and is critical for the onset of alphaherpesvirus-related diseases. Many alphaherpesvirus infections originate at peripheral sites, such as epithelial tissues, and then enter neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where lifelong latency is established. Following reactivation from latency and assembly of new viral particles, the infection typically spreads back out towards the periphery. These spread events result in the characteristic lesions (cold sores) commonly associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and herpes zoster (shingles) associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV). Occasionally, the infection spreads transsynaptically from the PNS into higher order neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Spread of infection into the CNS, while rarer in natural hosts, often results in severe consequences, including death. In this review, we discuss the viral and cellular mechanisms that govern directional spread of infection in the nervous system. We focus on the molecular events that mediate long distance directional transport of viral particles in neurons during entry and egress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:32:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2d6b881c1d944b42a6915c8d11aca954 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:32:26Z |
| publishDate | 2013-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-2d6b881c1d944b42a6915c8d11aca9542022-12-22T02:43:08ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152013-02-015267870710.3390/v5020678Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous SystemLynn W. EnquistTal KramerAlphaherpesviruses are pathogens that invade the nervous systems of their mammalian hosts. Directional spread of infection in the nervous system is a key component of the viral lifecycle and is critical for the onset of alphaherpesvirus-related diseases. Many alphaherpesvirus infections originate at peripheral sites, such as epithelial tissues, and then enter neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where lifelong latency is established. Following reactivation from latency and assembly of new viral particles, the infection typically spreads back out towards the periphery. These spread events result in the characteristic lesions (cold sores) commonly associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and herpes zoster (shingles) associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV). Occasionally, the infection spreads transsynaptically from the PNS into higher order neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Spread of infection into the CNS, while rarer in natural hosts, often results in severe consequences, including death. In this review, we discuss the viral and cellular mechanisms that govern directional spread of infection in the nervous system. We focus on the molecular events that mediate long distance directional transport of viral particles in neurons during entry and egress.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/2/678alphaherpesvirusherpes simplex viruspseudorabies virusaxonal transportdirectional spreadcytoskeleton |
| spellingShingle | Lynn W. Enquist Tal Kramer Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System Viruses alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus pseudorabies virus axonal transport directional spread cytoskeleton |
| title | Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System |
| title_full | Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System |
| title_fullStr | Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System |
| title_short | Directional Spread of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System |
| title_sort | directional spread of alphaherpesviruses in the nervous system |
| topic | alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus pseudorabies virus axonal transport directional spread cytoskeleton |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/2/678 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lynnwenquist directionalspreadofalphaherpesvirusesinthenervoussystem AT talkramer directionalspreadofalphaherpesvirusesinthenervoussystem |