A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water
The novel, automated, multi-pumping flow system (MPFS) for online calibration and determination of nitrate in surface water is presented for the first time. The system was equipped with micropumps of three different nominal volumes (10, 20, and 50 µL). As a result, it was possible to prepare from on...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/493 |
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| author | Sławomir Kalinowski Paweł Kościelniak Elwira Wierzbicka Stanisława Koronkiewicz |
| author_facet | Sławomir Kalinowski Paweł Kościelniak Elwira Wierzbicka Stanisława Koronkiewicz |
| author_sort | Sławomir Kalinowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The novel, automated, multi-pumping flow system (MPFS) for online calibration and determination of nitrate in surface water is presented for the first time. The system was equipped with micropumps of three different nominal volumes (10, 20, and 50 µL). As a result, it was possible to prepare from one standard, directly in a flow system, up to seven standard solutions. Determination of nitrate was conducted in stop-flow conditions and is based on a commercially available ion selective electrode (ISE) application. It was found that the linearity and slope of the calibration graphs depend mainly on the characteristics of the ISE. The obtained results were very repeatable, owing to the high precision of the micro-pumps used. The R.S.D. for the stroke volume of each micro-pump was below 1%. The accuracy of the method was checked through determination of nitrate in surface water samples. The obtained results were compared with those of the reference method (photometric Hach cuvette tests). It was found that, at a 96% confidence level, the difference between the results obtained by the proposed method and the reference method was statistically insignificant. The accuracy of the method was confirmed through the determination of nitrate in Certified Reference Material. The relative deviation (R.D.) of the measured and the certified concentrations was 5%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:36:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2d6d5aa65b0e4a81bf1631d0d5213962 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:36:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-2d6d5aa65b0e4a81bf1631d0d52139622023-11-30T23:40:39ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-01-0128249310.3390/molecules28020493A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface WaterSławomir Kalinowski0Paweł Kościelniak1Elwira Wierzbicka2Stanisława Koronkiewicz3Department of Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, PolandThe novel, automated, multi-pumping flow system (MPFS) for online calibration and determination of nitrate in surface water is presented for the first time. The system was equipped with micropumps of three different nominal volumes (10, 20, and 50 µL). As a result, it was possible to prepare from one standard, directly in a flow system, up to seven standard solutions. Determination of nitrate was conducted in stop-flow conditions and is based on a commercially available ion selective electrode (ISE) application. It was found that the linearity and slope of the calibration graphs depend mainly on the characteristics of the ISE. The obtained results were very repeatable, owing to the high precision of the micro-pumps used. The R.S.D. for the stroke volume of each micro-pump was below 1%. The accuracy of the method was checked through determination of nitrate in surface water samples. The obtained results were compared with those of the reference method (photometric Hach cuvette tests). It was found that, at a 96% confidence level, the difference between the results obtained by the proposed method and the reference method was statistically insignificant. The accuracy of the method was confirmed through the determination of nitrate in Certified Reference Material. The relative deviation (R.D.) of the measured and the certified concentrations was 5%.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/493flow analysissolenoid micro-pumpcalibrationion selective electrodenitrate |
| spellingShingle | Sławomir Kalinowski Paweł Kościelniak Elwira Wierzbicka Stanisława Koronkiewicz A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water Molecules flow analysis solenoid micro-pump calibration ion selective electrode nitrate |
| title | A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water |
| title_full | A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water |
| title_fullStr | A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water |
| title_short | A Multi-Pumping Gradient Calibration Module for Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate in Surface Water |
| title_sort | multi pumping gradient calibration module for potentiometric determination of nitrate in surface water |
| topic | flow analysis solenoid micro-pump calibration ion selective electrode nitrate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/493 |
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