The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation
Background: Peripheral inflammation is effective in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has an inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines; therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of PTX on passive avoidance learning and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alph...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2019-01-01
|
| Series: | Advanced Biomedical Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.advbiores.net/article.asp?issn=2277-9175;year=2019;volume=8;issue=1;spage=39;epage=39;aulast=Akbari |
| _version_ | 1818318556744384512 |
|---|---|
| author | Zahra Akbari Parham Reisi Anahita Torkaman-Boutorabi Maryam Farahmandfar |
| author_facet | Zahra Akbari Parham Reisi Anahita Torkaman-Boutorabi Maryam Farahmandfar |
| author_sort | Zahra Akbari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Peripheral inflammation is effective in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has an inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines; therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of PTX on passive avoidance learning and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 in the rat hippocampus, following systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, LPS, and LPS + PTX, receiving doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg of PTX, respectively. The animals received daily injections of PTX (i.p.) 1 week before and 2 weeks after the LPS injection (5 mg/kg; i.p.). Learning and memory were evaluated by passive avoidance learning. Then, the expression of the associated genes was measured in the hippocampus. Results: The results showed that the peripheral LPS injection had no significant effect on learning and memory. PTX only with a dose of 10 mg/kg shows an improvement (P < 0.05). Results from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that LPS had no significant effect on the expression of caspase-3 and TNF-α. PTX with a dose of 10 mg/kg decreased the caspase-3 expression in the LPS + PTX group (P < 0.001), but the expression of both genes increased, using other concentrations. Conclusions: Findings showed that systemic application of LPS after 2 weeks had no effect on learning and memory and the expression of inflammatory genes in the hippocampus, but PTX led to an increase in the expression of these genes, which could be due to its direct effects or possible exacerbation of LPS effects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T09:55:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2d8cee2b5da740a1acda2ab36a277812 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2277-9175 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T09:55:06Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advanced Biomedical Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-2d8cee2b5da740a1acda2ab36a2778122022-12-21T23:51:49ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsAdvanced Biomedical Research2277-91752019-01-0181393910.4103/abr.abr_33_19The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced InflammationZahra AkbariParham ReisiAnahita Torkaman-BoutorabiMaryam FarahmandfarBackground: Peripheral inflammation is effective in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has an inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines; therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of PTX on passive avoidance learning and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 in the rat hippocampus, following systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, LPS, and LPS + PTX, receiving doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg of PTX, respectively. The animals received daily injections of PTX (i.p.) 1 week before and 2 weeks after the LPS injection (5 mg/kg; i.p.). Learning and memory were evaluated by passive avoidance learning. Then, the expression of the associated genes was measured in the hippocampus. Results: The results showed that the peripheral LPS injection had no significant effect on learning and memory. PTX only with a dose of 10 mg/kg shows an improvement (P < 0.05). Results from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that LPS had no significant effect on the expression of caspase-3 and TNF-α. PTX with a dose of 10 mg/kg decreased the caspase-3 expression in the LPS + PTX group (P < 0.001), but the expression of both genes increased, using other concentrations. Conclusions: Findings showed that systemic application of LPS after 2 weeks had no effect on learning and memory and the expression of inflammatory genes in the hippocampus, but PTX led to an increase in the expression of these genes, which could be due to its direct effects or possible exacerbation of LPS effects.http://www.advbiores.net/article.asp?issn=2277-9175;year=2019;volume=8;issue=1;spage=39;epage=39;aulast=AkbariHippocampusinflammationlearning and memorylipopolysaccharidepentoxifylline |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Akbari Parham Reisi Anahita Torkaman-Boutorabi Maryam Farahmandfar The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation Advanced Biomedical Research Hippocampus inflammation learning and memory lipopolysaccharide pentoxifylline |
| title | The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation |
| title_full | The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation |
| title_short | The Effect of Pentoxifylline on Passive Avoidance Learning and Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Caspase-3 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation |
| title_sort | effect of pentoxifylline on passive avoidance learning and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and caspase 3 in the rat hippocampus following lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation |
| topic | Hippocampus inflammation learning and memory lipopolysaccharide pentoxifylline |
| url | http://www.advbiores.net/article.asp?issn=2277-9175;year=2019;volume=8;issue=1;spage=39;epage=39;aulast=Akbari |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zahraakbari theeffectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT parhamreisi theeffectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT anahitatorkamanboutorabi theeffectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT maryamfarahmandfar theeffectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT zahraakbari effectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT parhamreisi effectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT anahitatorkamanboutorabi effectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation AT maryamfarahmandfar effectofpentoxifyllineonpassiveavoidancelearningandexpressionoftumornecrosisfactoralphaandcaspase3intherathippocampusfollowinglipopolysaccharideinducedinflammation |