Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers
Compact Michelson interferometers are well positioned to replace existing displacement sensors in the readout of seismometers and suspension systems, such as those used in contemporary gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we continue our previous investigation of a customised compact displacement sen...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7526 |
| _version_ | 1797581831532445696 |
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| author | Jiri Smetana Chiara Di Fronzo Anthony Amorosi Denis Martynov |
| author_facet | Jiri Smetana Chiara Di Fronzo Anthony Amorosi Denis Martynov |
| author_sort | Jiri Smetana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Compact Michelson interferometers are well positioned to replace existing displacement sensors in the readout of seismometers and suspension systems, such as those used in contemporary gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we continue our previous investigation of a customised compact displacement sensor built by SmarAct that operates on the principle of deep frequency modulation. The focus of this paper is the linearity of this device and its subsequent impact on sensitivity. We show the three primary sources of nonlinearity that arise in the sensor: residual ellipticity, intrinsic distortion of the Lissajous figure, and distortion caused by exceeding the velocity limit imposed by the demodulation algorithm. We verify the theoretical models through an experimental demonstration, where we show the detrimental impact that these nonlinear effects have on device sensitivity. Finally, we simulate the effect that these nonlinearities are likely to have if implemented in the readout of the Advanced LIGO suspensions and show that the noise from nonlinearities should not dominate across the key sub-10 Hz frequency band. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:13:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2db524f9178e4cc6b81de97fbadb4624 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:13:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-2db524f9178e4cc6b81de97fbadb46242023-11-19T08:51:05ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-08-012317752610.3390/s23177526Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson InterferometersJiri Smetana0Chiara Di Fronzo1Anthony Amorosi2Denis Martynov3Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKPrecision Mechatronics Laboratory, A&M Department, Université de Liège, Allé de la Découverte 9 B52/Quartier Polytec 1, B-4000 Liège, BelgiumPrecision Mechatronics Laboratory, A&M Department, Université de Liège, Allé de la Découverte 9 B52/Quartier Polytec 1, B-4000 Liège, BelgiumInstitute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKCompact Michelson interferometers are well positioned to replace existing displacement sensors in the readout of seismometers and suspension systems, such as those used in contemporary gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we continue our previous investigation of a customised compact displacement sensor built by SmarAct that operates on the principle of deep frequency modulation. The focus of this paper is the linearity of this device and its subsequent impact on sensitivity. We show the three primary sources of nonlinearity that arise in the sensor: residual ellipticity, intrinsic distortion of the Lissajous figure, and distortion caused by exceeding the velocity limit imposed by the demodulation algorithm. We verify the theoretical models through an experimental demonstration, where we show the detrimental impact that these nonlinear effects have on device sensitivity. Finally, we simulate the effect that these nonlinearities are likely to have if implemented in the readout of the Advanced LIGO suspensions and show that the noise from nonlinearities should not dominate across the key sub-10 Hz frequency band.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7526displacement sensorMichelson interferometernonlinearity |
| spellingShingle | Jiri Smetana Chiara Di Fronzo Anthony Amorosi Denis Martynov Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers Sensors displacement sensor Michelson interferometer nonlinearity |
| title | Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers |
| title_full | Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers |
| title_fullStr | Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers |
| title_short | Nonlinearities in Fringe-Counting Compact Michelson Interferometers |
| title_sort | nonlinearities in fringe counting compact michelson interferometers |
| topic | displacement sensor Michelson interferometer nonlinearity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7526 |
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