| Summary: | Surface structure and composition play essential roles in the osseointegration of titanium implants. In the present study, a nanoscale surface structure incorporated with calcium ions was fabricated on a titanium surface by hydrothermal treatment. The characteristics of the surfaces were analysed, and the bioactivity of the samples was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. nm-Ti and nm/Ca-Ti surfaces were significantly more hydrophilic than control-Ti surfaces. nm/Ca-Ti samples showed much faster bone-like apatite precipitation in simulated body fluid than the other samples. The results of MC3T3-E1 cell tests demonstrated that both nm-Ti and nm/Ca-Ti surfaces accelerated cell adhesion and proliferation. The highest level of osteogenesis-related genes (Runx2, bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteopontin and osteocalcin) were observed in nm/Ca-Ti samples, followed by nm-Ti samples. Alizarin red staining experiment showed that the amount of extracellular matrix mineralized nodules in nm/Ca-Ti group was significantly higher than others. In animal experiments using SD rats, nm/Ca-Ti showed the highest value of new bone formation at two and four weeks. The present study suggested that the nanostructure and calcium ions showed synergetic effects on accelerating bone-like apatite precipitation and osteoblast cell growth and differentiation. Animal experiment further indicated that such surface could promote early osteogenesis.
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