The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon
Abstract Background The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the intestinal wall and characterized by considerable independence from the central nervous system, consists of millions of cells. Enteric neurons control the majority of functions of the gastrointestinal tract using a wide range of su...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Artigo |
| Idioma: | English |
| Publicado em: |
BMC
2018-05-01
|
| Colecção: | BMC Veterinary Research |
| Assuntos: | |
| Acesso em linha: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-018-1496-y |
| _version_ | 1831790017784053760 |
|---|---|
| author | Slawomir Gonkowski Krystyna Makowska Jaroslaw Calka |
| author_facet | Slawomir Gonkowski Krystyna Makowska Jaroslaw Calka |
| author_sort | Slawomir Gonkowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the intestinal wall and characterized by considerable independence from the central nervous system, consists of millions of cells. Enteric neurons control the majority of functions of the gastrointestinal tract using a wide range of substances, which are neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. One of them is leucine–enkephalin (leuENK), which belongs to the endogenous opioid family. It is known that opioids in the gastrointestinal tract have various functions, including visceral pain conduction, intestinal motility and secretion and immune processes, but many aspects of distribution and function of leuENK in the ENS, especially during pathological states, remain unknown. Results During this experiment, the distribution of leuENK – like immunoreactive (leuENK-LI) nervous structures using the immunofluorescence technique were studied in the porcine colon in physiological conditions, during chemically-induced inflammation and after axotomy. The study included the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) and the mucosal layer. In control animals, the number of leuENK-LI neurons amounted to 4.86 ± 0.17%, 2.86 ± 0.28% and 1.07 ± 0.08% in the MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Generally, both pathological stimuli caused an increase in the number of detected leuENK-LI cells, but the intensity of the observed changes depended on the factor studied and part of the ENS. The percentage of leuENK-LI perikarya amounted to 11.48 ± 0.96%, 8.71 ± 0.13% and 9.40 ± 0.76% during colitis, and 6.90 ± 0.52% 8.46 ± 12% and 4.48 ± 0.44% after axotomy in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both processes also resulted in an increase in the number of leuENK-LI nerves in the circular muscle layer, whereas changes were less visible in the mucosa during inflammation and axotomy did not change the number of leuENK-LI mucosal fibers. Conclusions LeuENK in the ENS takes part in intestinal regulatory processes not only in physiological conditions, but also under pathological factors. The observed changes are probably connected with the participation of leuENK in sensory and motor innervation and the neuroprotective effects of this substance. Differences in the number of leuENK-LI neurons during inflammation and after axotomy may suggest that the exact functions of leuENK probably depend on the type of pathological factor acting on the intestine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T14:22:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2ddf9940d0224937b95df42f6a9fbd1a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1746-6148 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T14:22:08Z |
| publishDate | 2018-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Veterinary Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-2ddf9940d0224937b95df42f6a9fbd1a2022-12-21T18:22:57ZengBMCBMC Veterinary Research1746-61482018-05-0114111210.1186/s12917-018-1496-yThe influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colonSlawomir Gonkowski0Krystyna Makowska1Jaroslaw Calka2Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and MazuryDepartment of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and MazuryDepartment of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and MazuryAbstract Background The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the intestinal wall and characterized by considerable independence from the central nervous system, consists of millions of cells. Enteric neurons control the majority of functions of the gastrointestinal tract using a wide range of substances, which are neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. One of them is leucine–enkephalin (leuENK), which belongs to the endogenous opioid family. It is known that opioids in the gastrointestinal tract have various functions, including visceral pain conduction, intestinal motility and secretion and immune processes, but many aspects of distribution and function of leuENK in the ENS, especially during pathological states, remain unknown. Results During this experiment, the distribution of leuENK – like immunoreactive (leuENK-LI) nervous structures using the immunofluorescence technique were studied in the porcine colon in physiological conditions, during chemically-induced inflammation and after axotomy. The study included the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) and the mucosal layer. In control animals, the number of leuENK-LI neurons amounted to 4.86 ± 0.17%, 2.86 ± 0.28% and 1.07 ± 0.08% in the MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Generally, both pathological stimuli caused an increase in the number of detected leuENK-LI cells, but the intensity of the observed changes depended on the factor studied and part of the ENS. The percentage of leuENK-LI perikarya amounted to 11.48 ± 0.96%, 8.71 ± 0.13% and 9.40 ± 0.76% during colitis, and 6.90 ± 0.52% 8.46 ± 12% and 4.48 ± 0.44% after axotomy in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both processes also resulted in an increase in the number of leuENK-LI nerves in the circular muscle layer, whereas changes were less visible in the mucosa during inflammation and axotomy did not change the number of leuENK-LI mucosal fibers. Conclusions LeuENK in the ENS takes part in intestinal regulatory processes not only in physiological conditions, but also under pathological factors. The observed changes are probably connected with the participation of leuENK in sensory and motor innervation and the neuroprotective effects of this substance. Differences in the number of leuENK-LI neurons during inflammation and after axotomy may suggest that the exact functions of leuENK probably depend on the type of pathological factor acting on the intestine.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-018-1496-yLeucine-enkephalin (leuENK)Enteric nervous system (ENS)InflammationAxotomyColonPig |
| spellingShingle | Slawomir Gonkowski Krystyna Makowska Jaroslaw Calka The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon BMC Veterinary Research Leucine-enkephalin (leuENK) Enteric nervous system (ENS) Inflammation Axotomy Colon Pig |
| title | The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon |
| title_full | The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon |
| title_fullStr | The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon |
| title_full_unstemmed | The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon |
| title_short | The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon |
| title_sort | influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin leuenk distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon |
| topic | Leucine-enkephalin (leuENK) Enteric nervous system (ENS) Inflammation Axotomy Colon Pig |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-018-1496-y |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT slawomirgonkowski theinfluenceofexperimentalinflammationandaxotomyonleucineenkephalinleuenkdistributioninintramuralnervousstructuresoftheporcinedescendingcolon AT krystynamakowska theinfluenceofexperimentalinflammationandaxotomyonleucineenkephalinleuenkdistributioninintramuralnervousstructuresoftheporcinedescendingcolon AT jaroslawcalka theinfluenceofexperimentalinflammationandaxotomyonleucineenkephalinleuenkdistributioninintramuralnervousstructuresoftheporcinedescendingcolon AT slawomirgonkowski influenceofexperimentalinflammationandaxotomyonleucineenkephalinleuenkdistributioninintramuralnervousstructuresoftheporcinedescendingcolon AT krystynamakowska influenceofexperimentalinflammationandaxotomyonleucineenkephalinleuenkdistributioninintramuralnervousstructuresoftheporcinedescendingcolon AT jaroslawcalka influenceofexperimentalinflammationandaxotomyonleucineenkephalinleuenkdistributioninintramuralnervousstructuresoftheporcinedescendingcolon |