Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects
One of the main objectives of theoretical ecologists involves finding mechanisms to control the chaos in ecological models to maintain positive densities of the species. Numerous researchers have suggested that, apart from the direct killing in the prey–predator relationship, there are some indirect...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Symmetry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/484 |
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| author | Sivasamy Ramasamy David Banjerdpongchai PooGyeon Park |
| author_facet | Sivasamy Ramasamy David Banjerdpongchai PooGyeon Park |
| author_sort | Sivasamy Ramasamy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the main objectives of theoretical ecologists involves finding mechanisms to control the chaos in ecological models to maintain positive densities of the species. Numerous researchers have suggested that, apart from the direct killing in the prey–predator relationship, there are some indirect effects, such as fear of predation. Induced fear can lead to slowing down the growth rate of the prey species, and this non-chemical strategy can be carried over to successive seasons or upcoming generations. In this work, we explore the impact of fear due to predation and its carry-over effect (COE) in a delayed tri-trophic food chain model, whereas the Holling type-II functional response is used to determine the interference among the species. The proposed model is an asymmetric interaction food chain model since the species in this model only kills other species. The growth rate of prey and middle predators is affected due to the respective fear of predation by middle and special predators. The non-delayed model considered in this paper generalizes the models developed by Hastings–Powell and Panday et al. The gestation delay in the special predator’s growth term is incorporated into the proposed model. We determined the essential conditions for the existence of ecologically feasible equilibrium points and their local and global stability. Furthermore, we developed the conditions for the occurrence of the Hopf bifurcation around an interior equilibrium to seek periodic behaviors of delayed and non-delayed models. Numerical examples were performed to justify the proposed theoretical findings and to show the impacts of fear and its COE parameters on the system dynamics through phase portraits, the time series of solutions, and bifurcation diagrams. We discovered that the chaotic behavior of the food chain model can be controlled by using the fear effect and its COE parameters. The dynamics of the delayed food chain model with the fear effect and its COEs are further explored in our findings. Our theoretical findings clearly provide a mechanism to protect and control species populations in ecological systems. It is also essential for developing optimized harvesting strategies in fisheries and pest management in agriculture. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:04:38Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:04:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Symmetry |
| spelling | doaj.art-2e277e0ddaf1460394c5c874a600f1f22023-11-16T23:33:56ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942023-02-0115248410.3390/sym15020484Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over EffectsSivasamy Ramasamy0David Banjerdpongchai1PooGyeon Park2Center of Excellence in Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of KoreaOne of the main objectives of theoretical ecologists involves finding mechanisms to control the chaos in ecological models to maintain positive densities of the species. Numerous researchers have suggested that, apart from the direct killing in the prey–predator relationship, there are some indirect effects, such as fear of predation. Induced fear can lead to slowing down the growth rate of the prey species, and this non-chemical strategy can be carried over to successive seasons or upcoming generations. In this work, we explore the impact of fear due to predation and its carry-over effect (COE) in a delayed tri-trophic food chain model, whereas the Holling type-II functional response is used to determine the interference among the species. The proposed model is an asymmetric interaction food chain model since the species in this model only kills other species. The growth rate of prey and middle predators is affected due to the respective fear of predation by middle and special predators. The non-delayed model considered in this paper generalizes the models developed by Hastings–Powell and Panday et al. The gestation delay in the special predator’s growth term is incorporated into the proposed model. We determined the essential conditions for the existence of ecologically feasible equilibrium points and their local and global stability. Furthermore, we developed the conditions for the occurrence of the Hopf bifurcation around an interior equilibrium to seek periodic behaviors of delayed and non-delayed models. Numerical examples were performed to justify the proposed theoretical findings and to show the impacts of fear and its COE parameters on the system dynamics through phase portraits, the time series of solutions, and bifurcation diagrams. We discovered that the chaotic behavior of the food chain model can be controlled by using the fear effect and its COE parameters. The dynamics of the delayed food chain model with the fear effect and its COEs are further explored in our findings. Our theoretical findings clearly provide a mechanism to protect and control species populations in ecological systems. It is also essential for developing optimized harvesting strategies in fisheries and pest management in agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/484delayed food chain modelfear effectcarry-over effectchaos controlHopf bifurcation |
| spellingShingle | Sivasamy Ramasamy David Banjerdpongchai PooGyeon Park Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects Symmetry delayed food chain model fear effect carry-over effect chaos control Hopf bifurcation |
| title | Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects |
| title_full | Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects |
| title_fullStr | Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects |
| title_short | Chaos Control of a Delayed Tri-Trophic Food Chain Model with Fear and Its Carry Over Effects |
| title_sort | chaos control of a delayed tri trophic food chain model with fear and its carry over effects |
| topic | delayed food chain model fear effect carry-over effect chaos control Hopf bifurcation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/484 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sivasamyramasamy chaoscontrolofadelayedtritrophicfoodchainmodelwithfearanditscarryovereffects AT davidbanjerdpongchai chaoscontrolofadelayedtritrophicfoodchainmodelwithfearanditscarryovereffects AT poogyeonpark chaoscontrolofadelayedtritrophicfoodchainmodelwithfearanditscarryovereffects |