Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis
Local domain structures of ferroelectrics have been studied extensively using various modes of scanning probes at the nanoscale, including piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), though none of these techniques measure the polarization directly, and the fast fo...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2017-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materiomics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352847817300485 |
| _version_ | 1797711493086576640 |
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| author | Ehsan Nasr Esfahani Xiaoyan Liu Jiangyu Li |
| author_facet | Ehsan Nasr Esfahani Xiaoyan Liu Jiangyu Li |
| author_sort | Ehsan Nasr Esfahani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Local domain structures of ferroelectrics have been studied extensively using various modes of scanning probes at the nanoscale, including piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), though none of these techniques measure the polarization directly, and the fast formation kinetics of domains and screening charges cannot be captured by these quasi-static measurements. In this study, we used charge gradient microscopy (CGM) to image ferroelectric domains of lithium niobate based on current measured during fast scanning, and applied principal component analysis (PCA) to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of noisy raw data. We found that the CGM signal increases linearly with the scan speed while decreases with the temperature under power-law, consistent with proposed imaging mechanisms of scraping and refilling of surface charges within domains, and polarization change across domain wall. We then, based on CGM mappings, estimated the spontaneous polarization and the density of surface charges with order of magnitude agreement with literature data. The study demonstrates that PCA is a powerful method in imaging analysis of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with which quantitative analysis of noisy raw data becomes possible. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:07:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2e32d546653744bd866cb0591727ed94 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2352-8478 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:07:54Z |
| publishDate | 2017-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materiomics |
| spelling | doaj.art-2e32d546653744bd866cb0591727ed942023-09-02T23:18:12ZengElsevierJournal of Materiomics2352-84782017-12-013428028510.1016/j.jmat.2017.07.001Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysisEhsan Nasr Esfahani0Xiaoyan Liu1Jiangyu Li2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USACollege of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composites and Devices, Chongqing University of Science &Technology, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USALocal domain structures of ferroelectrics have been studied extensively using various modes of scanning probes at the nanoscale, including piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), though none of these techniques measure the polarization directly, and the fast formation kinetics of domains and screening charges cannot be captured by these quasi-static measurements. In this study, we used charge gradient microscopy (CGM) to image ferroelectric domains of lithium niobate based on current measured during fast scanning, and applied principal component analysis (PCA) to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of noisy raw data. We found that the CGM signal increases linearly with the scan speed while decreases with the temperature under power-law, consistent with proposed imaging mechanisms of scraping and refilling of surface charges within domains, and polarization change across domain wall. We then, based on CGM mappings, estimated the spontaneous polarization and the density of surface charges with order of magnitude agreement with literature data. The study demonstrates that PCA is a powerful method in imaging analysis of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with which quantitative analysis of noisy raw data becomes possible.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352847817300485Charge gradient microscopyPiezoresponse force microscopyPrincipal component analysisFerroelectric domainScreening chargeLithium niobate |
| spellingShingle | Ehsan Nasr Esfahani Xiaoyan Liu Jiangyu Li Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis Journal of Materiomics Charge gradient microscopy Piezoresponse force microscopy Principal component analysis Ferroelectric domain Screening charge Lithium niobate |
| title | Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis |
| title_full | Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis |
| title_fullStr | Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis |
| title_short | Imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis |
| title_sort | imaging ferroelectric domains via charge gradient microscopy enhanced by principal component analysis |
| topic | Charge gradient microscopy Piezoresponse force microscopy Principal component analysis Ferroelectric domain Screening charge Lithium niobate |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352847817300485 |
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