Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies
Seaweeds are organisms with unique characteristics. They contain a broad spectrum of micro and macro elements (i.e., minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and vitamins). Furthermore, they have a very high growth rate and are present in large quantities and species in nature. Therefore...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Sciendo
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental and Climate Technologies |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0045 |
| _version_ | 1797368782803435520 |
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| author | Paoli Riccardo Bjarnason Bjarni Ilmjärv Tanel Romagnoli Francesco |
| author_facet | Paoli Riccardo Bjarnason Bjarni Ilmjärv Tanel Romagnoli Francesco |
| author_sort | Paoli Riccardo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seaweeds are organisms with unique characteristics. They contain a broad spectrum of micro and macro elements (i.e., minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and vitamins). Furthermore, they have a very high growth rate and are present in large quantities and species in nature. Therefore, they represent an ideal feedstock for a biorefinery concept. Historically, macroalgae used in biorefineries have been harvested directly from the sea or the shores, i.e., off-shore technique. However, recent studies are analysing the possibility of creating on-shore cultivation facilities. This research aims to perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study that analyses and compares the environmental impact of two seaweed cultivation and wild harvesting techniques in the Baltic Sea Region conditions based on existing pre-commercial and commercial projects. Inventory data are collected directly from two macroalgae producers, one off-shore and one on-shore, integrated with literature, and then normalized to the selected functional unit, i.e., 1 ton of harvested fresh macroalgae. The results, implemented with SimaPro 9.4 software, determine which of the two techniques has the highest environmental impact and which are the most sensitive environmental indicators. Furthermore, the results underline the critical parameters for the two cultivations (i.e., fuel consumption and electricity), contributing to identifying environmental benchmarks for further optimization strategies. The sensitivity analysis included in the study aims to explore and highlight the effect of the variation of selected input parameters or assumptions to provide a consistent assessment of the uncertainty of the model outputs and the main findings in terms of environmental impacts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T17:37:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2e43e8eaddca4eb1a844819428625dc0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2255-8837 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T17:37:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Sciendo |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental and Climate Technologies |
| spelling | doaj.art-2e43e8eaddca4eb1a844819428625dc02024-01-02T11:36:05ZengSciendoEnvironmental and Climate Technologies2255-88372023-01-0127160662610.2478/rtuect-2023-0045Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case StudiesPaoli Riccardo0Bjarnason Bjarni1Ilmjärv Tanel2Romagnoli Francesco3Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Faculty of Electrical and Environmental Engineering, Riga Technical University, 12/1 Āzenes street, Riga, LV1048, Latvia.2Hyndla ltd., Research & Development, Thingholtsstræti 30, 0101Reykjavík, Iceland3Vetik OÜ, Lahe cottage, 93859 Muratsi village, EstoniaInstitute of Energy Systems and Environment, Faculty of Electrical and Environmental Engineering, Riga Technical University, 12/1 Āzenes street, Riga, LV1048, Latvia.Seaweeds are organisms with unique characteristics. They contain a broad spectrum of micro and macro elements (i.e., minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and vitamins). Furthermore, they have a very high growth rate and are present in large quantities and species in nature. Therefore, they represent an ideal feedstock for a biorefinery concept. Historically, macroalgae used in biorefineries have been harvested directly from the sea or the shores, i.e., off-shore technique. However, recent studies are analysing the possibility of creating on-shore cultivation facilities. This research aims to perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study that analyses and compares the environmental impact of two seaweed cultivation and wild harvesting techniques in the Baltic Sea Region conditions based on existing pre-commercial and commercial projects. Inventory data are collected directly from two macroalgae producers, one off-shore and one on-shore, integrated with literature, and then normalized to the selected functional unit, i.e., 1 ton of harvested fresh macroalgae. The results, implemented with SimaPro 9.4 software, determine which of the two techniques has the highest environmental impact and which are the most sensitive environmental indicators. Furthermore, the results underline the critical parameters for the two cultivations (i.e., fuel consumption and electricity), contributing to identifying environmental benchmarks for further optimization strategies. The sensitivity analysis included in the study aims to explore and highlight the effect of the variation of selected input parameters or assumptions to provide a consistent assessment of the uncertainty of the model outputs and the main findings in terms of environmental impacts.https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0045environmental impactlife cycle assessmentseaweedsustainability |
| spellingShingle | Paoli Riccardo Bjarnason Bjarni Ilmjärv Tanel Romagnoli Francesco Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies Environmental and Climate Technologies environmental impact life cycle assessment seaweed sustainability |
| title | Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies |
| title_full | Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies |
| title_fullStr | Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies |
| title_short | Off-Shore and On-Shore Macroalgae Cultivation and Wild Harvesting: an LCA-Based Evaluation from Baltic Sea Region Case Studies |
| title_sort | off shore and on shore macroalgae cultivation and wild harvesting an lca based evaluation from baltic sea region case studies |
| topic | environmental impact life cycle assessment seaweed sustainability |
| url | https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0045 |
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