Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda)
Excretory and secretory products are crucial for parasite infectivity and host immunomodulation, but the functioning and ultrastructure of the excretory gland cell (EC) that produces these products are still scarcely understood and described. In light of growing reports on anisakiasis cases in Europ...
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MDPI AG
2019-11-01
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| author | Ivona Mladineo Jerko Hrabar Hrvoje Smodlaka Lauren Palmer Kristen Sakamaki Kleoniki Keklikoglou Pantelis Katharios |
| author_facet | Ivona Mladineo Jerko Hrabar Hrvoje Smodlaka Lauren Palmer Kristen Sakamaki Kleoniki Keklikoglou Pantelis Katharios |
| author_sort | Ivona Mladineo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Excretory and secretory products are crucial for parasite infectivity and host immunomodulation, but the functioning and ultrastructure of the excretory gland cell (EC) that produces these products are still scarcely understood and described. In light of growing reports on anisakiasis cases in Europe, we aimed to characterise the EC of larval <i>Anisakis pegreffii</i> and adult <i>Pseudoterranova azarasi</i>. In the latter, EC starts 0.85 mm from the head tip, measuring 1.936 × 0.564 mm. Larval EC shows a long nucleus with thorn-like extravaginations toward the cytoplasm, numerous electron-dense and -lucent secretory granules spanning from the perinuclear to subplasmalemmal space, an elevated number of free ribosomes, small, spherical mitochondria with few cristae and a laminated matrix, small and few Golgi apparatuses, and few endoplasmic reticula, with wide cisternae complexes. Ultrastructure suggests that anaerobic glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, obtained through nutrient endocytosis across the pseudocoelomic surface of the EC plasmalemma and its endocytic canaliculi. Thorn-like extravaginations of EC karyotheca likely mediate specific processes (Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling, gene expression, transport, nuclear lipid metabolism) into the extremely wide EC cytosol, enabling focal delivery of a signal to specific sites in a short time. These functional annotations of parasitic EC should help to clarify anisakiasis pathogenesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:46:40Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:46:40Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2e7cc96224fd42ad901bce55a5238e002023-09-02T20:55:17ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-11-01811145110.3390/cells8111451cells8111451Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda)Ivona Mladineo0Jerko Hrabar1Hrvoje Smodlaka2Lauren Palmer3Kristen Sakamaki4Kleoniki Keklikoglou5Pantelis Katharios6Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, CroatiaInstitute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, CroatiaWestern University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA 91766, USAMarine Mammal Care Center Los Angeles, San Pedro, CA 90731, USAPacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Beach, CA 92651, USAHellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, GreeceHellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, GreeceExcretory and secretory products are crucial for parasite infectivity and host immunomodulation, but the functioning and ultrastructure of the excretory gland cell (EC) that produces these products are still scarcely understood and described. In light of growing reports on anisakiasis cases in Europe, we aimed to characterise the EC of larval <i>Anisakis pegreffii</i> and adult <i>Pseudoterranova azarasi</i>. In the latter, EC starts 0.85 mm from the head tip, measuring 1.936 × 0.564 mm. Larval EC shows a long nucleus with thorn-like extravaginations toward the cytoplasm, numerous electron-dense and -lucent secretory granules spanning from the perinuclear to subplasmalemmal space, an elevated number of free ribosomes, small, spherical mitochondria with few cristae and a laminated matrix, small and few Golgi apparatuses, and few endoplasmic reticula, with wide cisternae complexes. Ultrastructure suggests that anaerobic glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway, obtained through nutrient endocytosis across the pseudocoelomic surface of the EC plasmalemma and its endocytic canaliculi. Thorn-like extravaginations of EC karyotheca likely mediate specific processes (Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling, gene expression, transport, nuclear lipid metabolism) into the extremely wide EC cytosol, enabling focal delivery of a signal to specific sites in a short time. These functional annotations of parasitic EC should help to clarify anisakiasis pathogenesis.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/11/1451<i>anisakis pegreffii</i><i>pseudoterranova azarasi</i>excretory cellmicroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Ivona Mladineo Jerko Hrabar Hrvoje Smodlaka Lauren Palmer Kristen Sakamaki Kleoniki Keklikoglou Pantelis Katharios Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda) Cells <i>anisakis pegreffii</i> <i>pseudoterranova azarasi</i> excretory cell microscopy |
| title | Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda) |
| title_full | Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda) |
| title_fullStr | Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda) |
| title_short | Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda) |
| title_sort | functional ultrastructure of the excretory gland cell in zoonotic anisakids anisakidae nematoda |
| topic | <i>anisakis pegreffii</i> <i>pseudoterranova azarasi</i> excretory cell microscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/11/1451 |
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