| Summary: | <b>Background:</b> Sessile serrated adenomas are important precursors to colorectal cancers and account for 30% of colorectal cancers. The United States Multi-Society Task Force recommends that patients with sessile serrated adenomas undergo surveillance similar to tubular adenomas. However, the risk of metachronous neoplasia when the high-risk adenoma co-exists with sessile serrated adenomas is poorly defined. <b>Objective:</b> To examine the risk of metachronous neoplasia in the presence of high-risk adenoma and synchronous sessile serrated adenomas compared with isolated high-risk adenoma. <b>Data sources:</b> PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library. <b>Study selection:</b> A literature search for studies evaluating the risk of metachronous neoplasia in patients with high-risk adenoma alone and those with synchronous high-risk adenoma and sessile serrated adenomas during surveillance colonoscopy was conducted on online databases. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> The primary outcome of interest was the presence of metachronous neoplasia. <b>Results:</b> Of the 1164 records reviewed, six (four retrospective and two prospective) studies met inclusion criteria with 2490 patients (1607 males, mean age 59.98 ± 3.23 years). Average follow-up was 47.5 ± 12.5 months. There were 2068 patients with high-risk adenoma on index colonoscopy and 422 patients with high-risk adenoma and synchronous sessile serrated adenomas. Pooled estimates showed a significantly elevated risk for metachronous neoplasia in patients with high-risk adenoma and synchronous sessile serrated adenomas (pooled odds ratio 2.21; 95% confidence intervals 1.65–2.96; <i>p</i> < 0.01). There was low heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 11%) among the studies. Sensitivity analysis of the prospective studies alone also showed elevated risk of metachronous neoplasm (pooled odds ratio 2.56; 95%, confidence intervals 1.05–6.23; <i>p</i> = 0.04). <b>Limitations:</b> Inclusion of a small number of retrospective studies. <b>Conclusions:</b> The presence of high-risk adenomas and synchronous sessile serrated adenomas is associated with an increased risk of metachronous neoplasia. Therefore, shorter surveillance intervals may be considered in patients with high-risk adenoma and synchronous sessile serrated adenomas compared to those with high-risk adenoma alone.
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